BioPolicyWiki - User contributions [en]

Albania

2019-01-03T00:46:46Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Albania
|image_flag=Albania_flag.jpg
|Region=Europe
|Population=3600523
|GDP=10,619
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=permitted
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Republic of Albania the Assembly Law Nr. 8876 Dated 4 April 2002 On Reproductive Health (Citation: Law on Reproductive Health, 04 April 2002 available at http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/199400/303827_en.html, accessed 21 February 2015.)

Art. 2 of this law defines “reproductive health” as “people’s ability to reproduce and the freedom to decide the manner and timing of reproduction,” and gives to each individual (not only to marital couples) the opportunity to choose the methods of reproduction.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices='''Surrogacy'''
* Surrogacy appears to be practiced.
Specific law was unable to be identified.

'''Embryo Experimentation'''
* Article 38: The human embryo is prohibited from being used for any other kind of commercial, industrial, or experimental purpose.
|Permitted and regulated practices='''Assisted Reproduction'''

Albanian legislation provides the possibility for a married couple or an individual to undertake artificial reproduction based on infertility. The law recognizes artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.

Article 32 provides that assisted reproduction may be used:

* When an individual has reached the age to marry
* When the spouses have failed in attempts to have a child for a period of two years up to the moment when the transfer of the embryo and insemination is performed
* In the presence of a licensed specialist doctor
* Only after the written consent has been received for each cycle by the interested individuals

Article 33:

The techniques of reproduction are to be used only in the cases when:
* Other methods of treatment of the infertility of the man or the woman are not productive or appropriate and do not guarantee the desired result
* They prevent the transmission to the child of genetic illnesses, or other illnesses that would produce premature death, mental retardation or serious invalidity
* They are considered as an alternative to a natural birth

'''Access to Information'''

* The practice in Albania is to maintain anonymity of donors. Art. 14 of the “Reproductive Health” law imposes an obligation on medical services to preserve the confidentiality and the anonymity of data.
* While donor anonymity is not explicitly guaranteed by law, the interpretation of Art. 14 has been to include preserving the confidentiality and anonymity of the donor’s identity.

'''Embryo Donation'''

* Not mentioned in statute (IFFS, Surveillance, 2010)

'''Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis'''

* Not practiced in current clinics (due to unavailability of laboratory facilities)

Clinics (of which there are three) offer treatments including:
* Donor insemination
* Egg donation
* Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
* In vitro fertilization (IVF)
* In vitro fertilization (IVF) with egg donation
* Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
* Intrauterine insemination (IUI) stimulated
* Intrauterine insemination (IUI) unstimulated
* Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
* PGD (although note above that it is reported that this is not practiced due to lab limitations)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=IFFS, Surveillance, 2010
(Note: Albania did not answer IFFS Surveillance 2013.)
}}

Nepal

2016-01-26T18:59:01Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Nepal
|image_flag=Flag_of_Nepal.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=28901790
|GDP=9,627
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=*After India changed its laws in 2013 to prevent gay men and couples who had been married less than two years from hiring gestational surrogates, some Indian surrogacy clinics opened branches or relocated their services to Nepal. Surrogate mothers were undergoing in vitro fertilization in India and give birth in Nepal.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015. The America Tonight Digital Team. “[http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/5/15/outsourcing-surrogacyittakesaglobalvillage.html Outsourcing Surrogacy: It Takes a Global Village].” ''Aljazeera America'', May 15, 2014.

*In December 2014, it was reported that Nepal’s Cabinet had approved draft legislation on surrogacy prepared by the Health Ministry. The Cabinet agreed to allow surrogacy for foreigners in the country, as long as the gestational surrogate is also a foreigner. However, there are no laws for domestic surrogacy.Dahal, Binita. “[http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/wombs-tolet-surrogacy-nepal,1991 Wombs for Rent: Commercial surrogate motherhood is moving to Nepal because of restrictions in India].” ''Nepali Times'', January 30, 2015. Gautam, Manish. “[http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/12/04/top-story/door-opens-to-foreigners-for-surrogacy/398524.html Door Opens to Foreigners for Surrogacy].” eKantipur.com, December 4, 2014.

*Western use of Nepalese surrogacy services entered the news and received some criticism following Nepal’s April 25, 2015 earthquake. After the earthquake, Israel sent planes to evacuate babies contracted by Israeli couples and born to surrogate mothers in Nepal, leaving the surrogates behind often without adequate medical care.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015.

* In October 2015, three weeks after the country’s Supreme Court issued an interim order to halt surrogacy in Nepal, a meeting of government ministers decided to ban surrogacy altogether.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Nepal

2016-01-26T18:58:39Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Nepal
|image_flag=Flag_of_Nepal.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=28901790
|GDP=9,627
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=*After India changed its laws in 2013 to prevent gay men and couples who had been married less than two years from hiring gestational surrogates, some Indian surrogacy clinics opened branches or relocated their services to Nepal. Surrogate mothers were undergoing in vitro fertilization in India and give birth in Nepal.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015. The America Tonight Digital Team. “[http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/5/15/outsourcing-surrogacyittakesaglobalvillage.html Outsourcing Surrogacy: It Takes a Global Village].” ''Aljazeera America'', May 15, 2014.

*In December 2014, it was reported that Nepal’s Cabinet had approved draft legislation on surrogacy prepared by the Health Ministry. The Cabinet agreed to allow surrogacy for foreigners in the country, as long as the gestational surrogate is also a foreigner. However, there are no laws for domestic surrogacy.Dahal, Binita. “[http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/wombs-tolet-surrogacy-nepal,1991 Wombs for Rent: Commercial surrogate motherhood is moving to Nepal because of restrictions in India].” ''Nepali Times'', January 30, 2015. Gautam, Manish. “[http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/12/04/top-story/door-opens-to-foreigners-for-surrogacy/398524.html Door Opens to Foreigners for Surrogacy].” eKantipur.com, December 4, 2014.

*Western use of Nepalese surrogacy services entered the news and received some criticism following Nepal’s April 25, 2015 earthquake. After the earthquake, Israel sent planes to evacuate babies contracted by Israeli couples and born to surrogate mothers in Nepal, leaving the surrogates behind often without adequate medical care.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015.

** In October 2015, three weeks after the country’s Supreme Court issued an interim order to halt surrogacy in Nepal, a meeting of government ministers decided to ban surrogacy altogether.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Nepal

2016-01-26T18:58:19Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Nepal
|image_flag=Flag_of_Nepal.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=28901790
|GDP=9,627
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=*After India changed its laws in 2013 to prevent gay men and couples who had been married less than two years from hiring gestational surrogates, some Indian surrogacy clinics opened branches or relocated their services to Nepal. Surrogate mothers were undergoing in vitro fertilization in India and give birth in Nepal.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015. The America Tonight Digital Team. “[http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/5/15/outsourcing-surrogacyittakesaglobalvillage.html Outsourcing Surrogacy: It Takes a Global Village].” ''Aljazeera America'', May 15, 2014.

*In December 2014, it was reported that Nepal’s Cabinet had approved draft legislation on surrogacy prepared by the Health Ministry. The Cabinet agreed to allow surrogacy for foreigners in the country, as long as the gestational surrogate is also a foreigner. However, there are no laws for domestic surrogacy.Dahal, Binita. “[http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/wombs-tolet-surrogacy-nepal,1991 Wombs for Rent: Commercial surrogate motherhood is moving to Nepal because of restrictions in India].” ''Nepali Times'', January 30, 2015. Gautam, Manish. “[http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/12/04/top-story/door-opens-to-foreigners-for-surrogacy/398524.html Door Opens to Foreigners for Surrogacy].” eKantipur.com, December 4, 2014.

*Western use of Nepalese surrogacy services entered the news and received some criticism following Nepal’s April 25, 2015 earthquake. After the earthquake, Israel sent planes to evacuate babies contracted by Israeli couples and born to surrogate mothers in Nepal, leaving the surrogates behind often without adequate medical care.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015.

** In October 2015, three weeks after the country’s Supreme Court issued an interim order to halt surrogacy in Nepal, a meeting of government ministers decided to ban surrogacy altogether.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Nepal

2016-01-26T18:56:50Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Nepal
|image_flag=Flag_of_Nepal.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=28901790
|GDP=9,627
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=*After India changed its laws in 2013 to prevent gay men and couples who had been married less than two years from hiring gestational surrogates, some Indian surrogacy clinics opened branches or relocated their services to Nepal. Surrogate mothers were undergoing in vitro fertilization in India and give birth in Nepal.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015. The America Tonight Digital Team. “[http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/5/15/outsourcing-surrogacyittakesaglobalvillage.html Outsourcing Surrogacy: It Takes a Global Village].” ''Aljazeera America'', May 15, 2014.

*In December 2014, Nepal’s Cabinet approved draft legislation on surrogacy prepared by the Health Ministry. The Cabinet agreed to allow surrogacy for foreigners in the country, as long as the gestational surrogate is also a foreigner. However, there are no laws for domestic surrogacy.Dahal, Binita. “[http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/wombs-tolet-surrogacy-nepal,1991 Wombs for Rent: Commercial surrogate motherhood is moving to Nepal because of restrictions in India].” ''Nepali Times'', January 30, 2015. Gautam, Manish. “[http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/12/04/top-story/door-opens-to-foreigners-for-surrogacy/398524.html Door Opens to Foreigners for Surrogacy].” eKantipur.com, December 4, 2014.

*Western use of Nepalese surrogacy services entered the news and received some criticism following Nepal’s April 25, 2015 earthquake. After the earthquake, Israel sent planes to evacuate babies contracted by Israeli couples and born to surrogate mothers in Nepal, leaving the surrogates behind often without adequate medical care.Kamin, Debra. "[http://time.com/3838319/israel-nepal-surrogates/ Israel Evacuates Surrogate Babies from Israel But Leaves the Mothers Behind].” ''Time'', April 28, 2015.

In October 2015, three weeks after the country’s Supreme Court issued an interim order to halt surrogacy in Nepal, a meeting of government ministers decided to ban surrogacy altogether.

|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

India

2016-01-26T18:53:37Z

Sonia Allan:

India

2016-01-26T18:52:35Z

Sonia Allan:

India

2016-01-22T03:05:56Z

Sonia Allan:

Czech Republic

2015-08-19T07:39:16Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Czech Republic
|image_flag=Czech-Republic-Flag.jpg‎
|Region=Europe
|Population=10381130
|GDP=175,309
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Act on Research on Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Related Activities and on Amendment to Some Related Acts], 227/2006 Coll. Part: 75/2006 Coll. (June 1, 2006)
** For summary, see "[http://www.eurostemcell.org/regulations/regulation-stem-cell-research-czech-republic Regulation of Stem Cell Research in the Czech Republic]."
* Council of Europe Convention on Biomedicine and Human Rights and Additional Protocol on Cloning (1997, 1998)
* The Law No.373/2011 Coll.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The Act on Research on Human Embryonic Stem Cells prohibits:
* The creation of an embryo for purposes other than reproduction
* Human-animal hybrids
* Implanting a human embryo into an animal uterus
* Reproductive cloning

Ratification of the [[Council of Europe]] Convention on Biomedicine and Human Rights and Additional Protocol on Cloning commits the Czech Republic to prohibit:
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Reproductive cloning
* Research cloning
* Sex selection for social purposes
* PGD for social purposes
* Somatic genetic enhancement
|Permitted and regulated practices=Egg and sperm donation are permitted (anonymous)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Indonesia

2015-08-07T06:26:55Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Indonesia
|image_flag=Indonesia_flag_large.jpg
|Region=Asia
|Population=234693997
|GDP=432,944
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health ("Health Act")
|Foundational values=Islam is the official religion of Malaysia, where more than 60 percent of the population of 27 million are Muslim Malays.

|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=In Indonesia article 127 of Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health ("Health Act") only allows IVF for married couples using the woman's ova
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Uruguay

2015-08-07T06:23:10Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Uruguay
|image_flag=Uruguay.png
|Region=Latin America
|Population=3460607
|GDP=22,951
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Law Regulating Human Assisted Reproductive Techniques (22/11/2013 No 19.167): http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/11/msp_512.pdf or http://www.ninrial.com.uy/de-interes/legislacion/leyes/ley-no-19167/ (non-pdf version)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices='''Experimentation'''

* Human cloning is prohibited (Art. 19).
* Alteration of human genome is prohibited (Art. 19).
|Permitted and regulated practices='''Assisted Reproduction'''

* Assisted reproduction is permitted for people who are infertile (married or single) (Art. 2).
* Article 7 provides that to access ART:
** People must be less than 60 years old.
** The health of the woman or offspring must not be compromised.
** Written consent by the couple, or woman, must be given.
* No more than two embryos are to be transferred to a uterus (Art. 11).

'''Posthumous Use of Gametes'''

* Is permitted for 365 days after death (Art. 9)

'''Gamete Donation'''

* Is permitted, anonymous (see below), and altruistic (Art. 12)

'''Information'''

* Children are entitled to know their method of conception (Art. 10).
* The donor's identity may be revealed if the child or his descendants apply for a court order in accordance with Articles 21, 22, 23, and 24 of the law.

'''Surrogacy'''

* Surrogacy is permitted only when a relative agrees to carry the embryo of a woman who cannot gestate a baby due to genetic issues or disease.
* The Honorary Commission of Assisted Reproduction must approve such arrangements.
* All other surrogacy arrangements are void.

'''Experimentation'''

* Is permitted for therapeutic purposes (Art. 18)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Senegal

2015-08-07T06:18:07Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Senegal
|image_flag=Senegal_Flag_11206.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=11658000
|GDP=11123
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=?
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=There appears to be no specific laws or guidelines on the practices discussed in this BioPolicy Wiki.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The following were reported as prohibited practices in the IFFS Surveillance, 2013:

* Gamete and embryo donation
* Gamete preservation
* Posthumous insemination
* Assisted hatching
* In vitro maturation
* Selective reduction

In the 2013 IFFS Surveillance, it was also reported that PGD is not practiced; and surrogacy is not regulated and not practiced.
|Permitted and regulated practices=* Embryo preservation
* Assisted reproduction for infertile couples
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=https://iffs.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/iffs_surveillance_09-19-13.pdf
}}

Uruguay

2015-05-31T12:48:38Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Uruguay
|image_flag=Uruguay.png
|Region=Latin America
|Population=3460607
|GDP=22,951
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Law Regulating Human Assisted Reproductive Techniques (22/11/2013 No 19.167): http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/11/msp_512.pdf or http://www.ninrial.com.uy/de-interes/legislacion/leyes/ley-no-19167/ (non-pdf version)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=EXPERIMENTATION
* Human cloning is prohibited (Art. 19)
* Alteration of human genome prohibited (Art. 19)
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Assisted reproduction for people who are infertile (married or single) (Art 2)
* Article 7 provides that to access ART people must be:
** Less than 60 years old
** Health of woman or offspring will not be compromised
** Written consent by couple, or woman, must be given.
* No more than two embryos are to be transferred to uterus (Art 11)

POST-HUMOUS USE OF GAMETES
* Is permitted for 365 days after death (Art. 9)

GAMETE DONATION
* Is permitted, is anonymous*(See below), and altruistic (Art. 12)

INFORMATION

* Children are entitled to know their method of conception (Art. 10)
* The donor's identity be revealed prior court order if the child or his descendants so request the competent judge, in accordance with Articles 21, 22, 23 and 24 of the law.

SURROGACY
* Surrogacy is permitted only when a relative agrees to carry the embryo of a woman who cannot gestate a baby due to genetic issues or disease.
* The Honorary Commission of Assisted Reproduction must approve such arrangements.
* All other surrogacy arrangements are void.

EXPERIMENTATION
* Is permitted for therapeutic purposes (Art. 18)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Uruguay

2015-05-31T12:48:16Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Uruguay
|image_flag=Uruguay.png
|Region=Latin America
|Population=3460607
|GDP=22,951
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Law Regulating Human Assisted Reproductive Techniques (22/11/2013 No 19.167): http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/11/msp_512.pdf or http://www.ninrial.com.uy/de-interes/legislacion/leyes/ley-no-19167/ (non-pdf version)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=EXPERIMENTATION
* Human cloning is prohibited (Art. 19)
* Alteration of human genome prohibited (Art. 19)
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Assisted reproduction for people who are infertile (married or single) (Art 2)
* Article 7 provides that to access ART people must be:
** Less than 60 years old
** Health of woman or offspring will not be compromised
** Written consent by couple, or woman, must be given.
* No more than two embryos are to be transferred to uterus (Art 11)

POST-HUMOUS USE OF GAMETES
* Is permitted for 365 days after death (Art. 9)

GAMETE DONATION
* Is permitted, is anonymous*(See below), and altruistic (Art. 12)

INFORMATION

* Children are entitled to know their method of conception (Art. 10)
* The donor's identity be revealed prior court order if the child or his descendants so request the competent judge, in accordance with Articles 21, 22, 23 and 24 of the law.

SURROGACY
* Surrogacy is permitted only when a relative agrees to carry the embryo of a woman who cannot gestate a baby due to genetic issues or disease.
* The Honorary Commission of Assisted Reproduction must approve such arrangements.
* All other surrogacy arrangements are void.

EXPERIMENTATION
* Is permitted for therapeutic purposes (Art. 18)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Uruguay

2015-05-31T12:47:37Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Uruguay
|image_flag=Uruguay.png
|Region=Latin America
|Population=3460607
|GDP=22,951
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Law Regulating Human Assisted Reproductive Techniques (22/11/2013 No 19.167): http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/11/msp_512.pdf or http://www.ninrial.com.uy/de-interes/legislacion/leyes/ley-no-19167/ (non-pdf version)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=EXPERIMENTATION
* Human cloning is prohibited (Art. 19)
* Alteration of human genome prohibited (Art. 19)
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Assisted reproduction for people who are infertile (married or single) (Art 2)
* Article 7 provides that to access ART people must be:
** Less than 60 years old
** Health of woman or offspring will not be compromised
** Written consent by couple, or woman, must be given.
* No more than two embryos are to be transferred to uterus (Art 11)

POST-HUMOUS USE OF GAMETES
* Is permitted for 365 days after death (Art. 9)

GAMETE DONATION
* Is permitted, is anonymous*(See below), and altruistic (Art. 12)

INFORMATION

* Children are entitled to know their method of conception (Art. 10)
* The donor's identity be revealed prior court order if the child or his descendants so request the competent judge, in accordance with Articles 21, 22, 23 and 24 of the law.

SURROGACY
* Surrogacy is permitted only when a relative agrees to carry the embryo of a woman who cannot gestate a baby due to genetic issues or disease.
* The Honorary Commission of Assisted Reproduction must approve such arrangements.
* All other surrogacy arrangements are void.

EXPERIMENTATION
* Is permitted for therapeutic purposes (Art. 18)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

United Kingdom

2015-05-31T12:45:41Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=The United Kingdom‎
|image_flag=Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.png‎
|Region=Europe
|Population=60587300
|GDP=2772570
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2001/ukpga_20010023_en_1 Human Reproductive Cloning Act] (2001)
* [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900037_en_1.htm Human Embryology & Fertilization Act] (1990)
* [http://www.surrogacy.org.uk/pdf/Sur-act.pdf Surrogacy Arrangement Act] (1985)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The UK’s HFE Act delegated most policy decisions to the Human Fertility and Embryology Authority (HFEA), and contained only a few statutory prohibitions itself. They are:
* Placing a non-human embryo, or non-human gametes, in a woman
* Placing a human embryo in a non-human animal
* Keeping or using in vitro embryos after 14 days.

* HFEA also prohibits cash payment for egg donation (above expenses, including loss of earnings), however "benefits-in-kind such as reduced treatment costs" are permitted.

* Commercial surrogacy is prohibited.
* It is unlawful for intending parents to advertise for a surrogate, or for a woman to advertise a willingness to become a surrogate.
* The Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 s.2(1) prevents a third party (though not a surrogate or intending parents) from initiating or taking part in negotiations, offering or agreeing to negotiate, or compiling any information with a view to its use in making, or negotiating the making of, surrogacy arrangements.
|Permitted and regulated practices=Assisted reproductive practices explicitly permitted by the HFEA, and subject to licensing and regulation, are:

* Donor insemination
* Assisted fertilisation (IVF; GIFT; ICSI; ZIFT )
* Preimplantation genetic diagnosis & screening
* Assisted hatching (chemical, mechanical, laser; zona drilling & dissection)
* Storage of sperm, eggs, embryos, testicular tissue, ovarian tissue
* Egg sharing
* Sex selection

The HFEA also overseas research using human embryos. It allows embryonic stem cell research using surplus embryos, and explicitly allows embryos created via SCNT. Licenses can only be granted for embryo research:

* Promoting advances in infertility treatment
* Increasing knowledge about the causes of congenital disease
* Increasing knowledge about causes of miscarriage
* Developing more effective techniques of conception
* Developing methods for detecting the presence of gene or chromosome abnormalities in embryo before implantation

Surrogacy is allowed as long as commercial payments are not made to a third party.
|Regulatory activities=The HFEA is responsible for these activities:

* Licensing and monitoring clinics that carry out in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and donor insemination
* Licensing and monitoring centres undertaking human embryo research
* Licensing and monitoring the storage of gametes and embryos
* Producing a Code of Practice which gives guidelines to clinics about the proper conduct of HFEA licensed activities
* Maintaining a formal register of information about donors, treatments and children born as a result of those treatments
* Providing relevant advice and information to patients, donors and clinics
* Reviewing information about human embryos, the provision of treatment services and activities governed by the HFEA Act.
* Monitoring any subsequent developments in this area and where appropriate, advising the Secretary of State for Health on developments in these field.

The UK has also established a Stem Cell Steering Committee (SCSC) that has the following responsibilities:

* Oversees the national stem cell bank and research involving stem cell lines
* Develops a Code of Practice for the bank and the use of stem cell lines
* Reports to the UK Medical Research Council and briefs Minister
|Accountability and governance=The HFEA currently has 18 members, appointed by the UK Health Ministers (i.e. , the Ministers of Health for England, Scotland, Wales and No. Ireland). The HFE Act doesn’t set an upper limit on the size of the HFEA.

The HFE Act requires that “the Chair, Deputy Chair and at least half of the HFEA Members are neither doctors nor scientists involved in human embryo research or providing infertility treatment.”

The UK Stem Cell Steering Committee has 11 members, including ethicists, theologians, scientists, clinicians, lay members. The members are appointed by the UK Health Ministers. It meets 3 times a year. Researchers who want to conduct embryonic stem cell research must first apply to the HFEA for a license. Once licensed, they must be approved by the SCSC to get access to the stem cell lines themselves.
|History=In January 2002 the UK Court of Appeals overturned the High Court decision of November 15, 2001 ruling that clones produced by cell nuclear replacement can be classified as embryos, thus coming under the regulations of the Human Fertilization and Embbryology Act of 1990 which allows creation of and research on embryos before the appearance of the primitive steark. Pursuant to the Act, a Code of Practice was produced by the HFEA, which permits embryo research for the following purposes:
* To promote advances in the treatment of infertility;
* To increase knowledge about the causes of congenital disease;
* To develop more effective techniques of contraception;
* To develop methods for detecting the presence of gene or chromosome abnormalitites.

In 2001, new regulations were made to allow creation of embryos for the following purposes:
* To increase knowledge about the development of embryos;
* To increase knowledge about serious disease;
* To enable any such knowledge to be applied in developing treatment for serious diseases.
|External links=* [http://www.hfea.gov.uk Human Fertility and Embryology Authority]
* [http://www.hgc.gov.uk Human Genetics Commission ]
}}
== References ==

Ukraine

2015-05-31T12:44:53Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Ukraine
|image_flag=Ukraine.jpg
|Region=Europe
|Population=46372700
|GDP=140484
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial allowed
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Ban on Human Reproductive Cloning Act (passed by Parliament December 14, 2004, in force January 11, 2005).World Health Organization, [http://www.who.int/idhl-rils/results.cfm?language=english&type=ByTopic&strTopicCode=XIA&strRefCode=Ukr International Digest Of Health Legislation]
* Family Code of Ukraine: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2947-14/
* Basic Law of Ukraine on Healthcare: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2801-12/
* Civil Code of Ukraine: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15
* Order of the Ministry of Health on approval of the use of reproductive technologies in Ukraine (09.09.2013 № 787): http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1697-13
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

* The Ban on Human Reproductive Cloning prohibits reproductive cloning but cloning for research purposes is not includedGlobal Lawyers and Physicians for Human Rights, [http://www.glphr.org/genetic/europe2-7.htm Database of Global Policies on Human Cloning and Germ-line engineering] (Last updated February 7, 2005)
|Permitted and regulated practices=* Assisted reproduction
* Egg donation
* Sperm donation
* Surrogacy (including commercial surrogacy) is permitted (appears restricted to heterosexual couples)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Thailand

2015-05-31T12:42:23Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Thailand
|image_flag=Thailand.jpg
|Region=Asia
|Population=63038247
|GDP=245659
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Protection of Children Born of Assisted Reproductive Technologies Act 2014 (Passed February 2015, expected to become operative mid-2015 after Royal Assent.)
(A draft translation of the law is available at http://www.thailawforum.com/thailand-draft-surrogacy-law/, accessed 23 February 2015).

HUMAN CLONING
* Medical Council of Thailand, Regulations on Human Cloning, No. 21/2544 (June 2002)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

* Human reproductive cloning is banned by the Regulations on Human Cloning.

SEX-SELECTION

* Selecting embryos for sex is prohibited, unless screening for genetic disease (Art. 18).

COMMERCIAL SURROGACY

* Commercial surrogacy is prohibited (Sect. 23)
* Brokering, acting as a middleman, or arranging surrogacy agreements for reward is prohibited
* Advertising is prohibited
* Promotion is prohibited

COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS RE EMBRYOS, EGGS, OR SPERM

* Buying or selling eggs, sperm or embryos is prohibited
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Permitted for females with lawful husbands, with their consent (Sects. 15,19)

DONOR SPERM

* May be used with written consent of husband (Sect. 20)

PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

* May be used to detect genetic disease, but not for sex-selection (Sect. 18).

SURROGACY
* Altruistic surrogacy is permitted in the following circumstances:
** Married couple (Thai)
** Foreigners prohibited from surrogacy unless married to a Thai national for more than 3 years
** Gestational only (cannot use surrogate's eggs)
** Surrogate must have another child
** Surrogate must be Thai
** Surrogate must be over 25 years old
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=Following a number of disturbing scandals related to commercial surrogacy in Thailand, new laws were introduced in 2015 (as described above). The laws were voted in by an overwhelming 160-2 votes. Wanlop Tankananurak, a member of Thailand's National Legislative Assembly said "This law aims to stop Thai women's wombs from becoming the world's womb".
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Taiwan

2015-05-31T12:41:00Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Taiwan (Republic of China)
|image_flag=Taiwan.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=22911000
|GDP=383,307
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Artificial Reproduction Act 2007
Available at http://www.hpa.gov.tw/English/file/ContentFile/200901191011149200/Artificial%20Reproduction%20Act.pdf (accessed 23 February 2015).
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* The law specifically excludes single people, homosexuals, and non-traditional arrangements.
* The following are prohibited acts:
** Using reproductive cells or embryos provided exclusively for research purposes.
** Creating a human embryo other than by fertilisation.
** Selection of the embryo's sex. This restriction shall not apply, however, when there is a reason connected with hereditary disease.
** Mutual donation of sperm and oocytes.
** Using embryo cultured in vitro for more than seven days.
** Implantation of more than five embryos at a time.
** Using of mixed semen.
** Using of donated reproductive cells imported from outside the country.

SURROGACY

* Surrogacy is prohibited.

RESEARCH CLONING

* Research cloning is prohibited by a general prohibition on the production of embryos specifically for research.''[http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/non_eu_countries_230804.pdf Survey on opinions from National Ethics Committees or similar bodies, public debate and national legislation in relation to human embryonic stem cell research and use]'', July 2004
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Marriage is required to receive fertility treatments.
* Couples using assisted reproduction must sign an agreement beforehand stating that should one die or if they divorce, the eggs or sperm collected will be destroyed.

GAMETE DONATION

* Donors can be known or anonymous.
* At a minimum, information about the donor's name, address, national ID card number
or passport number, date of birth, height, body weight, blood type, skin color,
hair color, and ethnicity will be collected.
* When the child reaches adulthood and is to marry, the child will be able to request that the Bureau of Health Promotion (BHP) check the records against the proposed spouse to make sure the couple is not close relatives.
* An individual’s eggs or sperm must be used to produce only one child, and are destroyed after successful delivery of a child conceived of that individual’s donation.
* Sperm and ovum donors agree to donate without compensation (Art 8).
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Taiwan

2015-05-31T12:40:38Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Taiwan (Republic of China)
|image_flag=Taiwan.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=22911000
|GDP=383,307
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Artificial Reproduction Act 2007
Available at http://www.hpa.gov.tw/English/file/ContentFile/200901191011149200/Artificial%20Reproduction%20Act.pdf (accessed 23 February 2015).
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* The law specifically excludes single people, homosexuals, and non-traditional arrangements.
* The following are prohibited acts:
** Using reproductive cells or embryos provided exclusively for research purposes.
** Creating a human embryo other than by fertilisation.
** Selection of the embryo's sex. This restriction shall not apply, however, when there is a reason connected with hereditary disease.
** Mutual donation of sperm and oocytes.
** Using embryo cultured in vitro for more than seven days.
** Implantation of more than five embryos at a time.
** Using of mixed semen.
** Using of donated reproductive cells imported from outside the country.

SURROGACY

* Surrogacy is prohibited.

RESEARCH CLONING

* Research cloning is prohibited by a general prohibition on the production of embryos specifically for research.''[http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/non_eu_countries_230804.pdf Survey on opinions from National Ethics Committees or similar bodies, public debate and national legislation in relation to human embryonic stem cell research and use]'', July 2004
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Marriage is required to receive fertility treatments.
* Couples using assisted reproduction must sign an agreement beforehand stating that should one die or if they divorce, the eggs or sperm collected will be destroyed.

GAMETE DONATION

* Donors can be known or anonymous.
* At a minimum, information about the donor's name, address, national ID card number
or passport number, date of birth, height, body weight, blood type, skin color,
hair color, and ethnicity will be collected.
* When the child reaches adulthood and is to marry, the child will be able to request that the Bureau of Health Promotion (BHP) check the records against the proposed spouse to make sure the couple is not close relatives.
* An individual’s eggs or sperm must be used to produce only one child, and are destroyed after successful delivery of a child conceived of that individual’s donation.
* Sperm and ovum donors agree to donate without compensation (Art 8).
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Sweden

2015-05-31T12:39:04Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Sweden
|image_flag=Sweden.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=9182927
|GDP=455319
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=permitted
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Health and Medical Services Act No. 763/1982 [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1643/health%20a%20nd%20medical%20insurance%20act.pdf] (which provides provisions on patients’ self-determination and on respect for the equal dignity of all human beings within health and medical services).

* The Biobanks in Medical Care Act No. 297/2002 [http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Lag-2002297-om-biobanker-i-_sfs-2002-297/] sets outs that biological material has to be collected, stored, and employed, taking into account the integrity of the person.

* Act on Ethics Review of Research Involving Humans, Law No. 460 (2003)

* Act concerning measures for the purposes of Research or Treatment in connection with Fertilized Human Oocytes, Law No. 115 of (March 14 1991, amended April 1, 2005)

* Genetic Integrity Act No. 351 of May 18, 2006 [http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/sfs_sfs-2006-351/] (regulates assisted reproductive treatments).
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=GENETIC MODIFICATION OF EMBRYOS

* Any research which seeks to genetically modify the embryo

SURROGACY

* Surrogacy is explicitly prohibited

COMMERCIAL/FOR PROFIT

* Carrying out donations for profit is prohibited.
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Chapter 6 of Act number 351/2006 establishes that “insemination may be carried out only if the woman is married or cohabiting. Written consent for insemination is required from the spouse or cohabitee”.

PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

* Genetic Integrity Act number 351/2006, Section 2 of Chapter 4 states "Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis may only be used if the man or woman has a predisposition towards a serious monogenetic or chromosomal hereditary disease, which entails a high risk of having a child with a genetic disease or impairment. The treatment may not be used to choose characteristics, but only be aimed at preventing the child from inheriting the predisposition towards the disease or impairment in question.”
* To access to PGD, the authorization of the National Board of Health and Welfare is necessary.

RESEARCH CLONING

* Research cloning is permitted and regulated.Swedish Parliament OK Therapeutic Cloning Law, CellNEWS (February 3, 2005)

EGG DONATION

* Providing egg is allowed, both for reproduction and for research, but donation for profit prohibited.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Sri Lanka

2015-05-31T12:36:27Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Sri Lanka
|image_flag=Sri-lanka-flag.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=19668000
|GDP=30012
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Sri Lanka does not appear to have national laws or policies specific to the practices currently falling within the scope of BioPolicyWiki.

* A provisional code of practice on Assisted Reproduction was published by the Sri Lanka Medical Council in 2005 (available at http://www.srilankamedicalcouncil.org/download/download/6/66db9284166164d13be1684c657835bc.pdf, accessed 23 Feb 2015).

* There is also a draft policy published by the National Science and Technology Commission (NASTEC) “New genetics and assisted reproductive technologies in Sri Lanka – A draft national policy on biomedical ethics.” (Does not appear to be available on web).
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=* Sex selection for social reasons
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Treatment of man and wife for infertility
* No more than 3 embryos to be implanted

DONOR GAMETES AND EMBRYOS

* Permitted
* No more than 5 live births

EMBRYO RESEARCH

* Only permitted in limited circumstances with approval of the Authority and its Ethics Committee
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Spain

2015-05-31T12:34:13Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Spain
|image_flag=Spain_flag_300.png
|Region=Europe
|Population=45200737
|GDP=1438959
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial allowed
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Law on Assisted Human Reproduction Techniques, No. 14/2006 (May 26, 2006) (Available at http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-9292)

* Biomedicine Law (2007) (available at http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/07/04/pdfs/A28826-28848.pdf)

* Law on Human Tissue (1983)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The following practices are prohibited:
* Reproductive cloning
* Parthenogenesis (stimulating the development of an egg without fertilization by sperm, by solely feminine descent)
* Sex selection
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Fertilizing an egg for any purpose other than reproduction

GENETIC MODIFICATION

The law No. 35/1988 establishes that “any therapeutic intervention, investigation or research activity in pre-embryos in vitro, pre-embryos, embryos and fetuses in utero, will be authorized only if such intervention or activity does not alter its genetic make-up (in so far as it does not contain any anomaly), or if it is not aimed to individual or race selection”.Global Lawyers and Physicians for Human Rights, [http://www.glphr.org/genetic/europe2-7.htm Database of Global Policies on Human Cloning and Germ-line engineering] (Last updated February 7, 2005)

SURROGACY

* The Law on Assisted Human Reproduction Techniques provides that surrogacy contracts are explicitly unrecognized, and birthrights are granted to the birthmother. (Art 10)
* The Criminal Code may also impose sanctions.
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Is permitted and practiced

DONATION OF GAMETES

* Is permitted but must not be commercial
* Is anonymous
* Is limited to 6 children born of the same donor
* Offspring have a right to general information about the donor, but not identity
(Art. 6)

POST-HUMOUS USE OF GAMETES

* Is permitted up to 12 months after death, with consent

RESEARCH CLONING

* Research cloning is permitted, but projects must be approved.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=RESEARCH CLONING

Research cloning was approved in cabinet in by parliament in June 2006, and the first project approved in January 2008."[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_6368.shtml Cabinet approves therapeutuc cloning in Spain ]," typicallyspanish.com (September 17, 2006)"[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_14759.shtml Spain gives go ahead to research using therapeutic cloning ]," typicallyspanish.com (January 24, 2008 )
|External links=
}}

South Africa

2015-05-31T12:32:31Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=South Africa
|image_flag=South_Africa_Flag.jpg
|Region=Africa
|Population=43700000
|GDP=282,630
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=no policy
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=permitted
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Children’s Act No. 38 of 2005 (Chapter 19) (See http://www.acts.co.za/childrens-act-2005/index.html)

* [http://www.iucnrosa.org.zw/elisa/Environmental%20Law/south_africa/human_tissue_act.html Human Tissue Act] (s.39A inserted by s.26 of Act No. 51 of 1989) (1983)

* [http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/bills/b32b.pdf National Health Act] (December 31, 2003)
|Foundational values=REGARDING CLONING

The South African government practices the precautionary principle by stating, "The risk attached to the use of the technique on humans carries the possibility of hormonal manipulation in the egg donor, multiple miscarriages in the birth mother, and severe developmental abnormalities in any resulting child. The potential harms outweigh the potential benefits, and until studies in animal systems reverse this circumstance, we recommend that the use of human nuclear transfer cloning to create a new life should be prohibited."http://www.glphr.org/genetic/africa2-7.htm

STEM CELL RESEARCH

It is recommended that recommendations of the US National Bioethics Advisory Committee should regulate the donation of human embryos for stem cell research.http://www.glphr.org/genetic/africa2-7.htm
|Prohibited practices=EMBRYO RESEARCH AND CLONING

The following practices are prohibited by the National Health Act:
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Reproductive cloning

COMMERCIAL SURROGACY

* Commercial surrogacy is prohibited (Children's Act, Chapter 19, 301)
|Permitted and regulated practices=SEX SELECTION

South Africa does not regulate preimplantation genetic diagnosis explicitly by legislation or professional guidelines. However, the Medical Research Council of South Africa states that selecting sex is unethical if done for non-medical purposes.

RESEARCH CLONING

The National Health Act permits research cloning.

ALTRUISTIC SURROGACY

* Altruistic surrogacy is permitted, with reimbursement of expenses related to pregnancy and birth; loss of wages; and health insurance.

* In order for the agreement to be valid:
a) the agreement is in writing and is signed by all the parties thereto;
b) the agreement is entered into in the Republic;
c) at least one of the commissioning parents, or where the commissioning parent is a single person, that person, is at the time of entering into the agreement domiciled in the Republic;
d) the surrogate mother and her husband or partner, if any, are at the time of entering into the agreement domiciled in the Republic; and
e) the agreement is confirmed by the High Court within whose area of jurisdiction the commissioning parent or parents are domiciled or habitually resident.

* At least one of the commissioning person(s) must be genetically related to the child

NON-COMMERCIAL SPERM AND EGG DONATION

* Is permitted
* Reimbursement of expenses permitted
* Is anonymous
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=http://www.iucnrosa.org.zw/elisa/Environmental%20Law/south_africa/human_tissue_act.html

http://www.parliament.gov.za/pls/portalweb_app.utl_output_doc?p_table=draft_ bills&p_doc_col=draft_bill&p_mime_col=mime_type&p_id=588648
}}
== References ==

Slovakia

2015-05-31T12:30:41Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Slovakia
|image_flag=Slovakia-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=5447502
|GDP=74,988
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Act on healthcare, healthcare-related services and on the amendment and supplementing of certain laws, No. 576/2004 Coll. (September 22, 2004)
* Law on health care (Law No. 277/1994 Coll. §42 (3))
* Penal Code (Law No. 140/1961 Coll.,§246a, amended September 2003)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

* Reproductive and research cloning is prohibited, and punishable by three to eight years imprisonment.

* The prohibitions are supported by the Slovakian Penal Code, Law 140/1961, which affirms that “any intervention aiming to create a human being in any stage of its formation, which is genetically identical to another human being whether living or dead, is prohibited.” The violation of these laws results in financial penalties and custody up to 8 years.

RESEARCH ON HUMAN EMBRYOS

* Law 277/1994 on Health Care, research “without therapeutic purpose” on human embryos and foetuses is prohibited.

Slovakia has also ratified the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and of the Additional Protocol on the Prohibition of Cloning of the Human Beings and banned all human cloning, as stated by law number 277/1994 on health care (See http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/sk_eng_lr.pdf).

SURROGACY

* Surrogacy is prohibited
* The woman who gives birth to a child is always seen as it's mother
|Permitted and regulated practices=* IVF and most ART procedures are permitted and government subsidised
* Gamete and embryo donation is permitted
* Note egg donation is only available for people who do not have ovaries or do not produce eggs
* Donor information is confidential but may be provided to the child on request.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=Slavika Karajicic, Policy on Assisted Reproduction in Slovakia, Health Policy Institute, 2013 (available at http://www.hpi.sk/cdata/Publications/HPI_Policy_on_Assited_Reproduction_in_Slovakia_2013_Eng.pdf accessed 23 February 2015).
}}

Singapore

2015-05-31T12:29:13Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Singapore
|image_flag=Singapore_flag.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=4680600
|GDP=161349
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* [http://agcvldb4.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?actno=REVED-131B&doctitle=HUMAN%20CLONING%20AND%20OTHER%20PROHIBITED%20PRACTICES%20ACT%0A&date=latest&method=part&sl=1 Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act] (September 2 2004)
* National Medical Ethics Committee, Ethical Guidelines for Gene Technology (2001)
* Bioethics Advisory Committee of Singapore, [http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/55211%20PMGT%20Research.pdf Genetic Testing and Genetic Research] (2005)
* Ministry of Health, Licensing & Accreditation Branch, [https://www.moh-ela.gov.sg/ela/docroot/html/assisted_reproduction_services_directives.pdf Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services]: Regulation 4 of the Private Hospitals and Medical Clinics Regulations (CAP 248, Reg 1), (March 2006)

* Status of Children (Assisted Reproduction Technology) Act 2013 [http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=CompId%3Ae5da4c93-24c2-48cb-9f33-3e7833a1194a;rec=0;resUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fbrowse%2FtitleResults.w3p%3Bletter%3DS%3BpNum%3D1%3Btype%3DactsAll#legis]
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

* Reproductive cloning is prohibited by the Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act.

SURROGACY

* The Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services prohibit surrogacy.

COMMERCIAL PAYMENTS
* Payment for eggs is prohibited
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* IVF and other ARTs are widely available and government subsidised.
* Gamete and embryo donation is permitted but may only be used by married couples.

EGG DONATION

* The Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act and the Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services permit providing eggs, but prohibit payments.
* Egg donors must be less than 35 years old.

SEX SELECTION

* The Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services permit sex selection only for medical purposes.

CREATION OF EMBRYOS

The "Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Human Stem Cell Research, Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning" states that the creation of human embryos either through IVF or SCNT for research purposes can only be justified where:

# There is strong scientific merit in, and potential medical benefit from, such research;
# no acceptable alternative exists; and
# on a highly selective, case-by-case basis, with specific approval from the proposed statutory body. UNESCO, "[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001342/134277e.pdf National Legislation Concerning Human Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning]," 2004
|Regulatory activities=The Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act authorizes government enforcement agencies to inspect relevant premises.
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Serbia

2015-05-31T12:27:40Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Serbia
|image_flag=Serbia_flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=10150265
|GDP=41,679
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* The Act on treating infertility by biomedically assisted fertilization was enacted in 2009 (Official Journal of Republic of Serbia 72/2009)

* There are also certain provisions in Family act 2005 that are relevant to legal parenthood in the case of assisted reproduction.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=SURROGACY

* Surrogacy is expressly prohibited, by article 56, par1/25 Act on treating infertility by biomedically assisted fertilization

* Sanction is imprisonment from 3 to 10 years. (Article 73)

(Some draft laws have been proposed to allow surrogacy in limited situations perhaps among relatives, however they have not been passed).
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

Treatment for infertility is available to
* adult and legally capable men and women who live together in accordance with the law governing family relationships (spouses or common-law partners)
* must be able to perform parental duties evaluated by age and general health and psycho-social condition
* best interest of the child is important
* cohabitation must exist prior to the moment of implementation of sex cells
* single women may be treated with consent of the Minister of Health and the Minister of Family Affairs
(article 26 Act on treating infertility by biomedically assisted fertilization).

DONOR GAMETES and EMBRYOS
* Donor Egg / Sperm may only be used when the intended parents’ gametes are unlikely to result in pregnancy.
* Donor Sperm may only be used to create children for one family.
* Child conceived via ART, using reproductive cells of the donor, does not have the right to know his/her genetic origin. However, the child is entitled for medical reasons have relevant health information relating to gamete donor, when she/he reaches 18 years, and in exceptional cases when she/he reaches 16 years and acquired legal capacity.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Senegal

2015-05-31T12:26:16Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Senegal
|image_flag=Senegal_Flag_11206.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=11658000
|GDP=11123
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=?
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=There appears to be no specific laws or guidelines on the practices discussed in this BioPolicy Wiki.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The following were reported as prohibited practices in the IFFS Surveilance, 2013:

* Gamete & Embryo donation
* Gamete preservation
* Posthumous insemination
* Assisted hatching not permitted or practiced
* In-vitro maturation not permitted or practiced
* Selective reduction not permitted or practiced
* PGD is not practiced
* Surrogacy is not regulated and not practiced.
|Permitted and regulated practices=* Embryo preservation
* Assisted reproduction for infertile couples
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=https://iffs.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/iffs_surveillance_09-19-13.pdf
}}

Romania

2015-05-31T12:23:59Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Romania
|image_flag=Romania-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=22246862
|GDP=165983
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=PROHIBITED
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Law 63/2012

* “Memorandum Privind Proiectul de Lege Referitor la Reprodurecea Umana Asistata Cu Tert Donator in Romania,” European Centre for Law and Justice, http://eclj.org/pdf/memorandum-eclj-proiectul-de-lege-privind-reproducerea-umana-asistata-medical-cu-tert-donator-15-mai-2012.pdf
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=Romania's ratification of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine and the Additional Protocol Regarding Human Cloning commits it to prohibitions on:

* PGD for social uses
* Research cloning
* Somatic genetic enhancement
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Reproductive cloning

Section 14 of law 63/2012 prohibits:
* abusive production of embryos;
* genetic manipulation on embryos;
* post-mortem insemination;
* illegal donation of embryos;
* gametes trafficking;
* collection of gametes without consent;
* mixing gametes;
* selective abortion of embryos of a certain sex.
|Permitted and regulated practices=In order to access assisted reproduction:
* a man and a woman need to fulfill the following conditions, according to the law 63/2012, art. 21:
** to be alive
** to be at the biological reproductive age;
** to be married or able to probe a common life together of at least 2 years;
** to consent previously to the transfer of embryos or to artificial insemination.

* According to art. 13 access to assisted reproduction is granted to any woman or man suffering from sterility, that cannot be treated with a classic method of treatment or surgical intervention.

Permitted techniques (art. 15) are

(a) artificial insemination;

(b) in vitro fecundation;

(c) transfer of embryos.

Donor gametes may be used in the case of genetic or communicable diseases of the partner. (Art 16).
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Portugal

2015-05-31T12:22:06Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Portugal
|image_flag=Portugal.png
|Region=Europe
|Population=10848692
|GDP=223,303
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Law Concerning Medically Assisted Reproduction Portugal, law number 32/2006 [http://www.fd.unl.pt/docentes_docs/ma/tpb_MA_4022.pdf] regulates assisted reproductive treatments and research on embryos.
|Foundational values=The [http://www.cnecv.gov.pt/cnecv/en/ National Council of Ethics for the Life Sciences (CNEV)] stated in a 1997 [http://www.cnecv.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/777F41D6-781E-43E5-B666-FFA1B306B3FD/0/p021_en.pdf Opinion] (reiterated in [http://www.cnecv.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/770EA390-9326-4FF9-B28D-D70A7E9AD961/0/p048_en.pdf 2006]) that human cloning is ethically unacceptable due to the problems it raises concerning human dignity, the equilibrium of the species and life in society.
|Prohibited practices=The following are prohibited:
* reproductive cloning;
* the use of assisted reproduction techniques for sex selection, except in the case of sex-linked genetic diseases;
* the use of assisted reproduction techniques to create chimeras or hybrids; and the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis techniques in the case of multifactorial diseases where the predictive value of the genetic test is very low (Sec. 7).

* Surrogate motherhood whether for payment or otherwise is not recognized; the woman who undergoes pregnancy being deemed, for all legal purposes, to be the mother (Sec. 8).

* The use of assisted reproduction techniques for the express purpose of creating embryos for research is prohibited.

In addition, Portugal's ratification of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine and the Additional Protocol Regarding Human Cloning commits it to prohibitions on somatic genetic enhancement and inheritable genetic modification.
|Permitted and regulated practices=* Assisted reproductive techniques have to be considered to be subsidiary and not an alternative method of procreation.

* Assisted reproduction may only be used in the case of infertility or in order to treat a serious disease or prevent the risk of transmission of genetic, infectious, or other diseases (Sec. 4).

* Assisted reproduction may only be practiced in public or private centers expressly authorized for the purpose by the Ministry of Health (Sec. 5).

* Only persons who are married or who have been partners in an equivalent relationship for at least two years, who are not of the same sex, who are at least 18 years old, who are not subject to guardianship, and who are not mentally disabled may have recourse to MAR (Sec. 6).

* Scientific research with embryos is permitted for the purposes of prevention, diagnosis, or therapy, the improvement of assisted reproduction techniques, and the constitution of stem cell banks for transplantation or other therapeutic objectives. Such research is subject to the decision of the National Council for Medically Assisted Procreation (Sec. 9).

* Use may be made of donated sperm, oocytes, and embryos where, in the light of current scientific knowledge, it is not possible for a woman to become pregnant by any other means and where the quality of gametes can be assured (Sec. 10).

* PGD may not be used in the case of multifactorial diseases where the predictive value of the genetic test is very low.

* Scientific research with embryos is permitted for the purposes of prevention, diagnosis, or therapy, the improvement of MAP techniques, and the constitution of stem cell banks for transplantation or other therapeutic objectives.

* Donation of eggs, sperm and embryos is permitted "where, in the light of current scientific knowledge, it is not possible for a woman to become pregnant by any other means and where the quality of gametes can be assured."
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=NB. At present, the Ministry of Justice is preparing a law concerning co-adoption by couples of the same sex. As regards surrogacy, the Parliament is discussing a law that will allow altruistic surrogacy in some specific cases and will amend Law n. 32/2006.
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Poland

2015-05-31T12:20:49Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Poland
|image_flag=Poland_flag.gif‎
|Region=Europe
|Population=38518241
|GDP=420,284
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Act on Family Planning, Human Embryo Protection and Conditions of Legal Pregnancy Termination (January 1993)

* Act on the Medical Profession (Dz. U. z 2002 r. Nr 21 poz. 204 z pó˚n. zm.) (December 5, 1996)

* The Health Care Institutions Act of April 15, 2011

* The Medical Ethics Code (http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20030900845)
|Foundational values="The right to life enjoys protection, including the pre-natal phase, within limits specified in the Act." (Article 1 of the Act on Family Planning, Human Embryo Protection and Conditions of Legal Pregnancy Termination )
|Prohibited practices=The following acts are prohibited:

* Research using embryos
* Research using cell products derived from embryos
* Surrogacy
* Cloning is prohibited implicitly and specifically by the Code of Ethics for physicians.

NB. Surrogacy arrangements are contrary to the general principles of the Polish law concerning filiation, they are considered null and void under art. 58 of the Polish Civil Code.
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=There have been attempts to regulate the in vitro methods but none of the draft proposals gained sufficient support.
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Philippines

2015-05-31T12:19:45Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Philippines
|image_flag=Philippines.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=90500000
|GDP=144129
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=PROHIBITED
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The [https://webapps.sph.harvard.edu/live/gremap/files/ph_natl_ethical_gdlns.pdf National Ethical Guidelines for Health Research] have no enforcement mechanism, but do prohibit:
* Providing eggs
* Surrogacy
* The intentional creation of human zygotes, embryos or fetuses for study, research, and experimentation or for commercial and industrial purposes
* The sale of human zygotes

COMMERCIAL SURROGACY

There is a view by some that the Anti-Child Abuse Law (Republic Act 7610) may be relevant in that it would appear to classify commercial surrogacy as “an attempt to commit child trafficking.” Article IV Section 8 states that trafficking is committed “when a person, agency, establishment or child-caring institution recruits women or couples to bear children for the purpose of child trafficking.” RA 7610 defines a child trafficker for the first time in statute books as “any person who shall engage in trading and dealing with children including, but not limited to, the act of buying and selling of a child for money.” It becomes a capital crime when the victim is below 12 years old.
|Permitted and regulated practices=RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN EMBRYOS

* Under the Guidelines, research may be conducted on a human embryo only for the purpose of improving that particular embryo’s chances of being born alive and healthy.

ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* IVF is permitted and practiced but there is no legislation.
* ART is limited to married couples and up to 3 embryos may be transferred at once under guidelines.
* Guidelines exist for ART, published by the Philippine Society of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Inc : http://psrei.org/.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Pakistan

2015-05-31T12:16:09Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Pakistan
|image_flag=Pakistan.gif‎
|Region=Asia
|Population=169300000
|GDP=143,766
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=unrecognized
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Pakistan does not appear to have national laws or policies specific to the practices currently falling within the scope of BioPolicyWiki.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=SURROGACY

A contract, whereby a woman (whether as a biological donor or as purely a gestational parent) carries a child for another couple, would neither be recognized as legal nor be enforceable in Pakistan.
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History='The High Court awarded custody of a child to the birth mother, stating she was undeniably the mother, and was the child's rightful guardian. The Court once again underlined the null and void status of a surrogacy contract as the law of the land did not recognize surrogacy. This ended a seven year legal battle on the custody of the child. (P L D 2013 Lahore 254)' See: http://www.siut.org/bioethics/Sharmeen%20article%20final.pdf
|External links=Sharmeen Khan 'Surrogacy in Pakistan: Legal Perspectives' at http://www.siut.org/bioethics/Sharmeen%20article%20final.pdf (accessed 22 February 2015)
}}

Norway

2015-05-31T12:14:24Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Norway
|image_flag=Norwayflag.png
|Region=Europe
|Population=4752735
|GDP=391498
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=PROHIBITED
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Biotechnology Act (2003): http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-20031205-100-eng.pdf

* Children’s Act (1981): https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/the-children-act/id448389/

* Adoption Act (1986): https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/ACT-OF-28-FEBRUARY-1986-NO-8-RELATING-TO/id443477/
|Foundational values=Biotechnology Act provides that:

"The purpose of this Act is to ensure that medical applications of biotechnology are utilised for the benefit of everyone in an inclusive society. This shall be done in accordance with the principles of respect for human dignity, human rights and personal integrity and without any discrimination on the basis of genetic constitution, on the basis of the ethical norms that form part of our Western cultural heritage." (Preamble to the Biotechnology Law)
|Prohibited practices=The Biotechnology Law prohibits:
* Social sex selection
* Genetic modification of embryos
* Donation of eggs
* Research on fertilised eggs, human embryos and cell lines derived from fertilised eggs or human embryos
* Reproductive cloning
* Research cloning
* Gene therapy on fetuses and embryos
* Gene therapy that may involve genetic modification of gametes
* Surrogacy

(NB -
* Donated eggs or embryos may not be used (but one’s own eggs or embryo may be preserved and used)
* Surrogacy is prohibited as a result of the prohibition on egg and embryo donation.
* Additionally, only couples may access IVF, so no artificial insemination of a surrogate is possible.
* In addition, an agreement to bear a child for another person and then hand that child over, is not enforceable.
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* ART is available to couples living together in a stable relationship. Marriage or heterosexuality is not required.

SPERM DONATION

* Sperm donation is permitted
* Donor conceived children may access information about the donor at age 18.

PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

* PGD is not illegal (in the special case of serious sex-linked hereditary diseases for which no treatment is available), but not used.
|Regulatory activities=The Biotechnology Law requires registration of research establishments, authorizes the Ministry of Health and Care Services to issue further regulations, and established the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board. The Norwegian Board of Health supervises the medical use of biotechnology.
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=The Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion has clarified the current law - the Children Act's and the Adoption Act's provisions on parentage in respect of international surrogacy: See statement here:

https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/commission-on-paternity-nou-2009-5/id576775/?regj_oss=10
}}
== References ==

Netherlands

2015-05-31T12:12:32Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=The Netherlands
|image_flag=Netherlands.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=16408557
|GDP=768,704
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Wet donorgegevens kunstmatige Bevruchting (Act on donor data artificial insemination): http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0013642/geldigheidsdatum_21-01-2015

* Embryowet (Law of 20 June 2002 laying down rules on gametes and embryo - Embryo Act): http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0013797/geldigheidsdatum_21-01-2015

* [http://www.healthlaw.nl/wmoeng1.html Act concerning medical research involving human subjects] (February 26, 1998)

* Commercial surrogacy: Article 151(b) in the Dutch Criminal Code. (See Act of 16 September 1993, Staatsblad 486).
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The Embryos Act prohibits:

* Reproductive cloning
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Social sex selection
* Charging a fee for gametes or embryos above direct costs incurred
* Allowing an embryo to develop outside the human body for longer than 14 days
* Implanting a chimeric embryo into a human or animal, or allowing one to develop longer than 14 days

COMMERCIAL SURROGACY

Commercial surrogacy is generally prohibited by the Dutch Criminal Code.
|Permitted and regulated practices=EMBRYO DONATION

* Donation of embryos left over from fertility treatment for research is permitted under the 2002 Act. Such research "must be of medical importance. If there are alternative methods, they must be used."

PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

* PGD is only allowed if there is a high risk of a serious genetic disease, but there seems to be a tendency to allow testing for a more extensive range of diseases than in the past. "[http://www.expatica.com/nl/articles/news/Dutch-MPs-agree-on-embryo-testing.html Dutch MPs agree on embryo testing]," Radio Netherlands / Expatica (July 4, 2008)

ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Assisted reproduction is permitted and practiced.
* Children have a right to information about their donors.

ALTRUISTIC SURROGACY

* Is permitted in strict circumstances.
|Regulatory activities=All research programs must be approved by the [http://www.ccmo-online.nl/main.asp?pid=1&taal=1 Central Committee on Research involving Human Subjects (CCMO)]."
|Accountability and governance=
|History=The creation of embryos for research was prohibited by the 2002 Act for a period of three to five years, after which a decision will be taken on whether to lift the ban so that creating embryos for research purposes may be allowed subject to extremely strict conditions.
|External links=* European Union, A comparative study on the regime of surrogacy in EU Member States'
European Parliament, manuscript completed in May 2013. (Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/474403/IPOL-JURI_ET%282013%29474403_EN.pdf, accessed 22 February 2015).
}}
== References ==

[[Category:Country]]

Montenegro

2015-05-31T12:09:36Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Montenegro
|image_flag=Montenegro_Flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=684,736
|GDP=2,270
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Law on Infertility Treatment with Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Published in the “Official gazette of Montenegro”, no. 74/2009 from 13.11.2009)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=SURROGACY

It is forbidden to provide infertility treatment with application of ART procedures to a woman who intends to give the child away after birth, with or without compensation, to a third person (surrogate maternity). (Article 13)

DONATED EGG & SPERM, & EMBRYOS
* It is forbidden to use donated egg and donated sperm together. (Art 14)
* It is forbidden to mix sperm of two men (or more)
* It is forbidden to use donated embryos (Art 15)

COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS AND ADVERTISING
* Commercial payments for gametes or embryos is forbidden (Art 16)
* Advertising is also prohibited

POSTHUMOUS USE OF GAMETES
* Prohibited (Article 33)

RESEARCH ON EMBRYOS AND ASSOCIATE PRACTICES
* Prohibited (See Article 39)

PENAL PROVISIONS
* Found in Articles 50 and 51 provide for fines of 10 to 25 times the average wage.
|Permitted and regulated practices=Article 11 - Right to treatment:
* man and woman who live in marital or extramarital community and who cannot expect to have pregnancy by intercourse, and who cannot get help with other infertility treatment procedures.
* Married couples or illegitimate spouses have the right to infertility treatment with ART procedures also when with this procedure a transmission of severe hereditary to a child can be prevented.
* Single woman has the right to infertility treatment with consent by the Minister of Health, with previous opinion from the Commission.

Article 12 The above persons must be
* adult
* have legal competence
* of an age which enables them to perform parental duties, raising, breeding and training child for independent life;
* be in such a psycho-social condition based on which it can be expected that they shall provide to a child conditions for regular and complete development

EGG & SPERM DONATION
* Egg and sperm donation are permitted in the case of risk of hereditary disease.
* Reasonable expenses may be paid to donors.
* Use of donor gametes limited to 2 families.

PGD AND SEX SELECTION

* PGD and sex selection permitted only on medical grounds.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=Law on Infertility Treatment available at
http://www.mzd.gov.me/ResourceManager/FileDownload.aspx?rid=96661&rType=2&file=Law%20on%20Infertility%20Treatment%20with%20Assisted%20Reproductive%20Technologies.pdf. (accessed 22 February 2015).
}}

Malaysia

2015-05-31T12:05:32Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Malaysia
|image_flag=Malaysia-flag.gif‎
|Region=Asia
|Population=27496000
|GDP=186482
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
Malaysian Medical Council, Guideline of the Malaysian Medical Council, 003/2006 - Assisted Reproduction. (Available at http://www.mmc.gov.my/v1/docs/Assisted%20Reproduction.pdf - accessed 22 February 2015).

SURROGACY

Malaysia, a Muslim-majority nation where Islam is the official religion.
There is currently a fatwa (an Islamic religious ruling) banning surrogacy.
The fatwa was issued in 2008 by The National Council of Islamic Religious Affairs
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=* Research on gametes or embryos
* Surrogacy
* Cloning
* Commercial trading in eggs, sperm, or embryos
* Posthumous use of gametes
* Use of ART by unmarried people.
|Permitted and regulated practices=The guidelines permit:

* sex selection for medical reasons
* egg, sperm and embryo donation
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=* http://www.mmc.gov.my/v1/docs/Assisted%20Reproduction.pdf
}}
== References ==

Lithuania

2015-05-31T12:02:05Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Lithuania
|image_flag=Lithuania-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=3369600
|GDP=38,345
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=PROHIBITED
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_e?p_id=148740 Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research] No. VIII-1679 (May 11, 2000)

* Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs (no. I-1626), 1996, http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=314396.

* Order No 248 of 24 May 1999 of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Lithuania.
|Foundational values=The Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research states that "Biomedical research must be conducted according to the principle whereby the interests of the human being prevail over the interests of society and science."
|Prohibited practices=The Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research prohibits

* Human cloning
* "Invasive" research on human embryos

In addition, Lithuania's ratification of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine commits it to prohibitions on:

* PGD for social uses
* Research cloning
* Somatic genetic enhancement
* Inheritable genetic modification

EGG, SPERM and EMBRYO DONATION

Donation of gametes and embryos is not permitted (and if used, the donor of the gametes would be considered the legal parent).

COMMERCIAL SURROGACY

The Civil Code of Lithuania prohibits commercial arrangements related to the human body and recognizes an individual as a legal entity rather an object of arrangements.
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* available only for married couples and they must use their own gametes;
* both must consent, both must have 'full civil active capacity';
* a woman must be an adult under the age of 45 years;
* both spouses must undergo a medical examination proving that pregnancy and childbirth will not pose any threat to the life and health of the woman and an unborn child;

Procedures available: IUI, GIFT, IVF, ICSI, ZIFT.

Private surrogacy arrangements (non-commercial) may occur, but would be very limited. A Court would have to hear reasons, and the issue would be closed. There are no available judgments on the issue.
|Regulatory activities=The Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research states that "Biomedical research in Lithuania may be performed only subject to an approval obtained from the [http://www.sam.lt/bioetika/ Lithuanian Bioethics Committee] or the Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee."
|Accountability and governance=
|History=In Lithuania, there have been draft laws on assisted reproduction, (in 2002 and subsequently in 2003, 2004 and 2010). However, no agreement has been reached on the legal further regulation of ART or surrogacy.
|External links=* Eugenijus Gefenas and Asta Cekanauskaite, ''[http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/lt_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Lithuania],'' European Commission, Brussels (2003)

* http://www.hcch.net/upload/wop/gap2014pd3_lt.pdf

* Francesco Paolo Busardò, et al. 'The Evolution of Legislation in the Field of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Embryo Stem Cell Research in European Union Members' BioMed Research International, Volume 2014 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307160; http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/307160/ accessed 22 February 2015.
}}

Libya

2015-05-31T12:00:05Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Libya
|image_flag=Libya.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=6173579
|GDP=57,064
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Libyan Penal Law

Medical Liability Law No 17/1986
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=* Artificial insemination is prohibited by virtue of the Libyan Penal Law, however the prohibition does not apply to married couples (Law no 17/1986).

* Surrogate motherhood is prohibited.
* Gamete donation is prohibited.
(Art 403 Bis A and Art 403 Bis B. Libyan Penal Code as appended to the Law No 75/1972)
|Permitted and regulated practices=A husband and wife may undergo assisted reproduction with their consent.

Libya has a National Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Sterility by virtue of General People's Committee Decision No 186/1993)
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Cairo Office, ‘Ethics and the Law in Biomedicine and Genetics: An Overview of National Regulations in the Arab States’, 2011. Available at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002152/215207E.pdf (p 51).(Accessed 22 February 2015).
}}

Lebanon

2015-05-31T11:58:44Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Lebanon
|image_flag=Lebanon.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=4196453
|GDP=24640
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=PROHIBITED
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* IVF is regulated by the Draft Law on Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Code of Medical Ethics, which has been adopted by the Ministry of Health.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=* The draft law prohibits
** gamete donation,
** surrogacy,
** sex-based embryo selection, and
** embryo manipulation.

Violations of the draft law are penalized.
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Assisted reproductive treatments such as artificial insemination and IVF have been practiced in Lebanon since the early 80s.

* Art 30 of the Medical Ethics code states that assisted reproductive treatments are only to be provided to married couples.

PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSIS AND ABORTION

* Prenatal diagnoses and selective abortion are only permitted to save the life of the mother.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Cairo Office, ‘Ethics and the Law in Biomedicine and Genetics: An Overview of National Regulations in the Arab States’, 2011. Available at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002152/215207E.pdf (p 51).(Accessed 22 February 2015).
}}

Latvia

2015-05-31T11:57:18Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Latvia
|image_flag=Latvia-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=2270700
|GDP=27,341
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=permitted
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Law on Sexual and Reproductive Health eksuālās un reproduktīvās veselības likums, July 2002, amended 2004)(English translation available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_127921.pdf)

* See also specific regulations defined and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers, e.g. Regulation No.716.

* The Latvian Association of Gynecologists and Obstetricians has also developed clinical guidelines “Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. Clinical guidelines.” (see http://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/420-kliniskas-vadlinijas/klinisko-vadliniju-datu-baze/registretas-2012gada/neauglbas-diagnostika-un-rstana-klnisks-vadlnijas).

* Surrogacy is neither expressly prohibited or permitted by law in Latvia - but it is reported that it is not practiced (IFFS Surveillance, 2013).
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=Articles 15 and 16 of the Law on Sexual and Reproductive Health prohibit:

* Reproductive cloning
* The creation of human embryos for research purposes
* Social sex selection
* Commercial uses of gametes and embryos

Surrogacy is not permitted.
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION (See Articles 12-22)

* Assisted reproduction is available to heterosexual couples.
* Infertility is a requirement.
* Donor gametes may be used.
* Male sperm donors must be 18 to 45 years and female egg donors 18 to 35 years (Section 17).
* It is prohibited to use a donor to create more than three children.
* Payment is not allowed.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=BioMed Research International
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 307160, 14 pages

Francesco Paolo Busardò, et al. 'The Evolution of Legislation in the Field of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Embryo Stem Cell Research in European Union Members' BioMed Research International, Volume 2014 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307160; http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/307160/ accessed 22 February 2015.
}}
== References ==

Kyrgyzstan

2015-05-31T11:56:14Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Kyrgyzstan
|image_flag=Kyrgyzstan.jpg
|Region=Asia
|Population=5264000
|GDP=3,748
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Kyrgyzstan does not appear to have national laws or policies specific to the practices currently falling within the scope of BioPolicyWiki.

Draft bills have been introduced into parliament to regulate surrogacy, but to date have failed.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Ireland

2015-05-31T11:48:38Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Ireland
|image_flag=Irish_flag.jpg
|Region=Europe
|Population=6000000
|GDP=258,574
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* [http://193.178.1.117/upload/publications/297.pdf Constitution of Ireland]

Note there are

* no specific laws governing assisted reproduction or surrogacy in the Republic of Ireland.

* non-binding guidelines: The Guide to Professional Conduct & Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners, 2009, http://www.medicalcouncil.ie/News-and-Publications/Publications/Professional-Conduct-Ethics/Guide-to-Professional-Conduct-and-Behaviour-for-Registered-Medical-Practitioners-pdf.pdf.

In December 2014 it was said that the Minister for Justice and Equality plans to bring legislative proposals to Government in relation to assignment of parentage in cases of ART, including surrogacy. Regulation regarding assisted reproduction generally is also being considered (and called for by the Supreme Court). However to date nothing has been forthcoming.
|Foundational values=The Constitution (Article 40, Section 3.3) "acknowledges the right to life of the unborn ... with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother" but the legal interpretation of this is disputed.

A common view is that the "unborn" include all in vitro embryos and that the consititution therefore prohibits all embryonic research and all forms of cloning. However, a 2006 court opinion, which as of April, 2008, was on appeal to the Supreme Court, suggested that "unborn" meant "a foetus or child within the womb."Irish Council for Bioethics, ''[http://www.bioethics.ie/pdfs/StemCellReport.pdf Ethical, Scientific and Legal Isues Concerning Stem Cell Research]'' (April, 2008)
|Prohibited practices=HUMAN CLONING

"The Irish government has stated its opposition to cloning, both therapeutic and reproductive, on a number of occasions and therefore it is thought unlikely that the legal position on this issue will change in the near future." Arguably, cloning is not prohibited by law but certainly it is in practice.
|Permitted and regulated practices=PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

* It is often stated that PGD is prohibited, and it seems not to be practiced, but also not to be specifically illegal.

ACCESS/USE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

The guidelines provide that
• assisted human reproduction treatments, such as IVF, should only be used after thorough investigation has shown that no other treatment is likely to be effective;
• should only be provided by suitably qualified professionals, in appropriate facilities, and according to international best practice.

They also state regarding donor programs that if clinicians ‘offer donor programs to patients, [they] must consider the biological difficulties involved and pay particular attention to the source of the donated material. Such donations should be altruistic and non-commercial.’ They also require that accurate records be kept for future reference.

LEGAL PARENTAGE

Male sperm donors may be considered to be fathers. There is case law to this effect (McD v L [2007] IESC 81 or [2009] IESC 81).

There is no ban on same-sex couples accessing ART services, but only the genetic father or the birth mother may be recognised as the child's parent.

SURROGACY

There are no laws currently regulating surrogacy arrangements.

Guidance from the Department of Justice and Equality regarding whether a child is an Irish citizen, and who the child's legal parents and guardians are, for the purposes of dealing with applications for travel documents on behalf of children born outside the State as a result of surrogacy arrangements can be found here: http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/Surrogacy
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

India

2015-05-31T11:45:45Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=India
|image_flag=IndiaFlag.jpg
|Region=Asia
|Population=1132446000
|GDP=1098945
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=no policy
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www.medindia.net/Indian_Health_Act/The_Pre_Natal_Diagnostic_Techniques_PNDT_Act_Rules/list-of-acts.htm The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Amendment Act] (1994, amended 2003)
* [http://dbtindia.gov.in/pol_ethical.htm Ethical Policies on the Human Genome, Genetic Research and Services], Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (June 2001)
* [http://www.icmr.nic.in/art/art_clinics.htm National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India], Indian Council of Medical Research (2005)
* [http://www.icmr.nic.in/stem_cell/stem_cell_guidelines.pdf Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Therapy], Indian Council of Medical Research (2007)
* [http://www.icmr.nic.in/ethical_guidelines.pdf Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Participants], Indian Council of Medical Research (2006)

(Note the Indian Council of Medical Research ART Guidelines are non-binding) (see http://icmr.nic.in/art/art_clinics.htm)

SURROGACY

* Baby Manji Yamada v. Union of India & Anr. (2008) INSC 1656 (29 September 2008): www.liiofindia.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl/in/cases/cen/INSC/2008/1656.html (2008 Supreme Court ruling on commercial surrogacy)

* Draft bills: Despite a number of attempts at passing laws, the bills have not been passed through parliament. Examples:

a) Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2013

b) The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Regulation) Bill – 2010: http://icmr.nic.in/guide/ART%20REGULATION%20Draft%20Bill1.pdf [DRAFT]
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=SEX SELECTION

Sex selection by any means is prohibited in the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Amendment Act, which was subsequently amended to reflect technological developments. The Indian Council of Medical Research’s National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics permits an exception for sex selection by PGD "to avoid the risk of transmission of a genetic abnormality assessed through PGD."

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

Reproductive cloning and inheritable genetic modification are prohibited by the Department of Biotechnology's Ethical Policies on the Human Genome, Genetic Research and Services, the Indian Council of Medical Research's Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Participants, and the Council's Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Therapy.
|Permitted and regulated practices=PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

* Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is allowed in case of suspected medical conditions based on parental history, including both genetic conditions and the age of the mother.

COMMERCIAL SURROGACY

* Commercial surrogacy was legalized in 2002, and loosely regulated under 2005 guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research. In February 2008, the Ministry of Women and Child Development considered new legislation but it never passed. More recent legislation has also been proposed, but again has not been enacted.

EGG DONATION

* Providing eggs for assisted reproduction is permitted under guidelines, which do allow payments.
* Eggs for research is also permitted, usually with reimbursement of expenses.
|Regulatory activities=INTERNATIONAL SURROGACY

International surrogacy is somewhat regulated via visa conditions: Bureau of Immigration, Ministry of Home Affairs, India - http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy provides the following:

* Type of visa for foreign nationals intending to visit India for Commissioning Surrogacy and conditions for grant visa for the purpose.

1. Foreign nationals intending to visit India for the purpose of Commissioning Surrogacy are required to hold Medical Visa. In such cases, the surrogate mother is generally an Indian national. It has been noticed that some foreign nationals visit India for commissioning of surrogacy on Tourist visa which is not the appropriate type of visa for the purpose.

2. The Ministry of Home Affairs has decided that Foreign nationals intending to visit India for the purpose of Commissioning Surrogacy shall be issued Medical Visa subject to the fulfillment of following conditions:

i)The foreign man and woman are duly married and the marriage should have sustained at least for two years.

(ii) A letter from the Embassy of the foreign country in India or the Foreign Ministry of the country should be enclosed with the visa application stating clearly that (a) the country recognizes surrogacy and (b) the child/children to be born to the commissioning couple through the Indian surrogate mother will be permitted entry into their country as a biological child/children of the couple commissioning surrogacy.

(iii) The couple will furnish an undertaking that they would take care of the child/children born through surrogacy.

(iv) The treatment should be done only at one of the registered Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) clinics recognized by ICMR. (The list of such clinics will be shared with MEA from time to time).

(v) The couple should produce a duly notarized agreement between the applicant couple and the prospective Indian surrogate mother.

3. If any of the above conditions are not fulfilled, the visa application shall be rejected.

4. The foreign couple would be required to take exit permission from the FRRO/FRO before leaving India for their return journey. Before granting “exit” , the FRRO/FRO will see whether the foreign couple is carrying a certificate from the ART clinic concerned regarding the fact the child/children have been duly taken custody of by the foreigner and that the liabilities towards the Indian surrogate mother have been fully discharged as per the agreement. A copy of the birth certificate (s) of the surrogate child/children will be retained by the FRRO/FRO along with photocopies of the passport and visa of the foreign parents.

5. It may be noted that for drawing up and executing the agreement cited at para 2(v) above, the foreign couple can be permitted to visit India on a reconnaissance trip on Tourist Visa, but no samples may be given to any clinic during such preliminary visit.

* Note: There are extensive documents to be submitted by the foreign nationals to FRROs/FROs for exit permission in case of Surrogacy cases.
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=* Bureau of Immigration, Ministry of Home Affairs, India - http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy

* http://icmr.nic.in/art/art_clinics.htm
}}
== References ==

Iceland

2015-05-31T11:44:39Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Iceland
|image_flag=Iceland-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=316,252
|GDP=20,003
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=permitted
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Act on Artificial Fertilisation and use of Human Gametes and Embryos for Stem-Cell Research, No. 55/1996.
English version: http://eng.velferdarraduneyti.is/media/acrobat-enskar_sidur/Act_No_55_1996_on_Artificial_Fertilisation_etc_as_amended.pdf

* Regulation on Artificial Fertilisation No 144/2009, http://www.reglugerd.is/interpro/dkm/WebGuard.nsf/key2/144-2009 (English version not available).
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The Artificial Fertilisation Act prohibits

* creating embryos solely for research purposes
* cloning
* transplanting human embryos into animals

In addition, Iceland's ratification of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine and the Additional Protocol Regarding Human Cloning commits it to prohibitions on:

* PGD for social uses
* Somatic genetic enhancement
* Inheritable genetic modification

SURROGACY

* Surrogacy is defined as artificial fertilisation performed on a woman who intends to carry a child for another woman, and has agreed before the pregnancy to give up the child immediately after the birth.

Any form of surrogacy is expressly prohibited by law (Act on Artificial Fertilisation and use of Human Gametes and Embryos for Stem-Cell Research, No. 55/1996, 5(4)).
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Article 4 of the Icelandic legislation provides that artificial fertilisation may be carried out by artificial insemination or by in vitro fertilisation.

* Assisted reproductive technology services are available to married couples and couples in registered cohabitation.

* The service is also available for female partners and single women.

* There are no age requirements.

* Article 3 of the Act provides that artificial fertilisation may only be carried out if:

a. the written and witnessed consent of the woman has been given. If the woman is married or in cohabitation, the witnessed written consent of the other party must also have been given,

b. the child to be conceived by the procedure may be deemed to be ensured good conditions in which to grow up,

c. the woman is of natural child-bearing age and has the physical capability and sufficiently good health to cope with the strain of the treatment, pregnancy and birth of the child. A factor to be taken into account is that the pregnancy and birth not be expected to entail damaging consequences for mother or child, on the basis of normal medical and obstetric standards,

d. the mental health and social circumstances of the couple or woman are good.

* There are no nationality or residency requirements.

* Only licensed physicians may perform ART.

EGG, SPERM AND EMBRYO DONATION

* Egg donation and sperm donation are permitted.

* Note, article 5 of the legislation provides that artificial fertilisation with donor gametes may only be carried out if
• fertility is impaired, or
• in the case of a serious hereditary disease, or
• if other medical reasons indicate use of donor gametes.

ACCESS TO INFORMATION

* The anonymity of gamete donors is optional.

* Article 4 of the ART Act: The physician providing treatment shall choose a suitable donor.

* Should a donor request anonymity, health workers must ensure that this wish be respected. In such cases information may not be provided to the donor on the couple receiving donor gametes, nor about the child, nor may the couple or the child receive information on the donor. Should the donor not request anonymity, the institution shall keep information on the donor in a special file.

* Should the donation of gametes result in the birth of a child, data on the child and on the couple who received the donated gametes shall be kept in the same file.

* A child conceived as a result of a donation of gametes, where the donor did not request anonymity, may at the age of 18 request access to the records under paragraph 3, in order to acquire information on the name of the donor. Should a child receive information on the gamete donor from the institution, the institution shall, as soon as possible, inform the donor that the information has been provided.

EMBRYO STORAGE

* Article 9: Embryos may be stored for the purpose of transplanting them into the woman who provided the ova [or received them as a gift for use in in-vitro fertilisation]

* The storage of embryos for other purposes is prohibited.

EMBRYO RESEARCH

Article 11:

* With informed consent of gamete donors, a licensed health institute may, perform research, experiments and procedures on embryos which have been created by in vitro treatment, and are a part of that, or have been created in order to diagnose hereditary diseases in the embryos themselves. The same applies to research which aims to advance treatment for infertility, or to enhance understanding of the causes of congenital diseases and miscarriages.

Article 12:

* Excess human embryos may be used to create stem cell lines provided a licence for such activities has been granted.

Article 14:

* It is prohibited to:
a.cultivate or produce embryos solely for research purposes,

b.cultivate embryos for more than 14 days outside the body or once the primitive streak has appeared,

c. transplant human embryos into animals,

d.perform nuclear transfer for reproductive purposes (cloning).
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Hungary

2015-05-31T11:43:20Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Hungary
|image_flag=Hungary.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=10053000
|GDP=138,388
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial allowed
|Eggs for research=commercial allowed
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=The main source of the legal norms on ART can be found in a specific chapter in the 1997 Health Care Act and in the Law CLXXXI of 2005; and various ministerial decrees. See Act on Health, Chapter IX, 20/2007, and by Ministerial Decree 30/1998

(See http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=99800030.NM). (Ministerial decrees update legislation in line with pan-European developments).

The Human Reproductive Committee of the Health Science Council is responsible for licensing the services.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

Reproductive cloning is prohibited by the Law on Public Health.

In addition, Hungary's ratification of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine and the Additional Protocol Regarding Human Cloning commits it to prohibitions on:

* PGD for social uses
* Research cloning
* Somatic genetic enhancement
* Inheritable genetic modification
|Permitted and regulated practices=ACCESS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Married couples and heterosexual stable couples can have access to assisted reproduction. (Must prove relationship).

* Single women can be treated in case of proven infertility.

* Lesbians can have access to assisted reproduction (as they are treated as single women).

* Women up to the age of 45 years can access assisted reproduction.

EMBRYO, SPERM AND EGG DONATION

* The donation of sperm, eggs, and embryos is permitted and anonymous.
* Sperm donors must undergo a rigorous screening process.
* Sperm can be used up to a maximum of 4 live births.
* Sperm cannot be used after donor’s death.
* Egg donors must be under 35 and must have given birth to at least one healthy child.
* Egg donation from a relative is acceptable.

EMBRYO TRANSFER AND CRYOROPRESERVATION

* It is not allowed to transfer more than 4 embryos.
* Embryos can be cryopreserved up to 10 years, but additional storage is allowed after certification of their conservation status and a written statement.

PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

Sex selection is permitted in order to avoid an inheritable disease, while genetic pathways can only be selected for preventing or treating possible genetic illnesses.
Social sex-selection is not permitted.

EMBRYO RESEARCH

* Human embryo research is allowed for surplus IVF embryos up to 14 days, whereas creation of in vitro embryos for research purpose and reproductive and therapeutic cloning is strictly prohibited.

SURROGACY

* Originally it had been proposed that by a provision of the Act of CLIV of 1997 on Health that surrogacy was permitted in circumstances in which a relative gave birth to the child without accepting any payments. However the Constitutional Court with its decision 108/B/2000 declared this provision to be contrary to the Constitution and that provision never entered into force.

* Surrogacy is seen to give rise to serious criminal law concerns. (See Csongor Nagy, in Trimmings and Beaumont – Hungary).

Note that although Hungary has a new Civil Code as of 15 March 2014, its content has not been significantly modified.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=Hungary's political development over the second half of the 20th century has been tumultuous, but its accession to the European Union in 2004 was reported to have encouraged a general harmonization of its biotechnology regulations with European norms.Dr. Veronika Frigyesi, "[http://www.hungarianbiotech.org/html_eng/doc/PCA_Report_Hungary.pdf History of the Hungarian Biotechnology Sector]," ''Human Biotechnology in Hungary: An Industry Review,'' PCA Sector Analyzer (February 2004) The 1997 Public Health Law was drafted after the text of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine became available, and reflects some of its language.
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Greece

2015-05-31T11:41:18Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Greece
|image_flag=Greece_Flag.jpg
|Region=Europe
|Population=11216708
|GDP=314,615
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www.bioethics.gr/media/pdf/biolaw/human/law_3089_en.pdf Medically Assisted Human Reproduction], Law 3089 (2002)

* Application of Medically Assisted Reproduction, Law 3305 (2005)M. Mitrossili, "[http://www.mednet.gr/archives/2007-6/612abs.html Medically Assisted Reproduction]," ''Hellenic Medicine'' (Vol. 24 No. 6, November 2007)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=CLONING

* The Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction prohibits reproductive cloning.

COMMERCIAL SURROGACY

* Commercial surrogacy is prohibited.

Note Article 26. Criminal Sanctions.
1- 8. Whoever participates in a surrogacy procedure where the requirements of art. 1458 of Greek Civil Law, art. 8 of Law 3089/2002 and art. 13 of this law, are not met, is liable to imprisonment for a term at least of two (2) years and a fine of at least €1.500.

The same sanction applies to:
* whoever publicly, with the circulation of documents, images or representations, introduces, draws attention to or advertise (even covertly), the procuration of a child through a surrogate mother
* or he/she provides professional services as a middleman for any kind of financial consideration
* or he/she offers, in the same way, his/her services or the services of another for the attainment of this goal.

SEX SELECTION

* Sex selection is explicitly prohibited under the 2002 law, "unless a severe hereditary sex-linked disease is to be avoided."
|Permitted and regulated practices=ALTRUISTIC SURROGACY
Surrogacy is permitted provided:
* the surrogate is not genetically related to the child,
* the commissioning mother should prove that she is unable to carry the child to term (and she cannot be over 50 years old);
* the surrogate must prove to the court that she is medically and mentally fit
* the surrogate's partner (if any) must consent to her acting as a surrogate
* both the couple (or single woman or couple in partnership with signed notary deed) and surrogate have to reside in Greece (Law 4272 (11.07.2014) paragraph 17).

NB. the agreement could allow for compensation of expenses (including loss of wages), but the payment for services any kind of financial benefit is generally prohibited.

Contracts are recognized, and parental rights are awarded to the intended parents.

EGG DONATION FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND RESEARCH

* Providing eggs for assisted reproduction or research is permitted, provided there is no compensation. Reimbursement for expenses is permitted.

SEX SELECTION

* Sex selection is explicitly prohibited under the 2002 law, "unless a severe hereditary sex-linked disease is to be avoided."

Frozen embryos are tightly regulated and any that are stored must be used in an IVF cycle before a fresh cycle can be done.
|Regulatory activities=The National Bioethics Commission in 2007 issued a [http://www.bioethics.gr/document.php?category_id=55&document_id=426 report] recommending further legislation on preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}
== References ==

Germany

2015-05-31T11:40:18Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Germany
|image_flag=Germany.jpg
|Region=Europe
|Population=82210000
|GDP=3322147
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* ART is regulated in the Embryo Protection Act (Embryonenschutzgesetz) of 13
December 1990.
* Adoption Brokerage Law 2006 [http://www.bundesjustizamt.de/nn_257850/SharedDocs/Publikationen/BZAA/AdVermiG,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/AdVermiG.pdf]
* There are also some Guidelines of the German Medical Association about the Performance of Assisted Reproduction: Guideline of the German Federal Medical Chamber 2008 [http://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/downloads/AssRepro.pdf]
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The Embryo Protection Act (Embryonenschutzgesetz) of 13 December 1990, section 1 provides that certain acts of improper use of reproductive technology are punishable with up to three years' imprisonment or a fine, namely

* Transferring to a woman an unfertilized egg cell produced by another woman subsection 1 no. 1),

* The attempt to artificially inseminate an egg cell for any purpose other than achieving pregnancy in the woman from whom the egg cell originated (subsection 1 no. 2),

* The attempt to transfer within one treatment cycle more than three embryos to a woman (subsection 1 no. 3),

* The attempt to fertilize by gamete intrafallopian transfer more than three egg cells within one treatment cycle (subsection 1 no. 4),

* The attempt to fertilize more egg cells from a woman than may be transferred to her within one treatment cycle (subsection 1 no. 5),

* The removal of an embryo from a woman before completion of implantation in the uterus in order to transfer it to another woman or to use it for another purpose not serving its preservation (subsection 1 no. 6),

* The attempt to carry out the artificial insemination of a woman who is prepared to give up her child permanently after birth (surrogate mother) or to transfer a human embryo to her (subsection 1 no. 7),

* The artificial penetration of a human egg cell by a human sperm cell or the transfer of a human sperm cell into a human egg cell artificially without the intention to achieve pregnancy in a woman from whom the egg cell originated (subsection 2).

According to Section 4 of the Act, certain acts of unauthorised fertilization, unauthorised embryo transfer and artificial insemination after death are also punishable with up to three years' imprisonment or a fine:

* The attempt to artificially inseminate an egg cell without the woman whose egg cell is to be fertilized and the man whose sperm cell will be used for fertilization having given their consent (subsection 1 no. 1),

* The attempt to transfer an embryo into an woman without her consent (subsection 1 no. 2), or

* The intentional artificial insemination of an egg cell with the sperm of a man after
his death (subsection 1 no. 3).

EMBRYOS

The law's definition of an embryo to be protected specifically includes "each totipotent cell removed from an embryo that is capable, in the presence of other necessary conditions, of dividing and developing into an individual."

SURROGACY

Surrogacy is prohibited by a combination of the Embryo Protection and Adoption Brokerage Laws.

It is noted that the German courts have held that surrogacy is a breach of Article 1 of the Constitution, which states that human dignity is inviolable. To make a human being the subject of a contract is impermissible under German law, as is the use of a third party's body for the purposes of reproduction.

There is also a strict definition of motherhood under the German Civil Code.

Violations or attempts are punishable by up to three years' imprisonment or by a fine (but the egg donor or surrogate mother or commissioning person/couple are not subject to these penalties).

EGG DONATION

Providing eggs for assisted reproduction is prohibited by law.

EMBRYO RESEARCH

The use of embryos for research is heavily restricted in Germany under the Embryo Protection Act of 1990 (Section 2), which makes the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines a criminal offence.

ACCESS

The German Federal Medical Chamber stipulates that lesbian and single women should not have access to ART, however, there is no legislation prohibiting this.
|Permitted and regulated practices=SEX SELECTION

Sex selection by selecting sperm is permitted only to prevent a few special, very serious gender-related genetic diseases (e.g. muscular dystrophy). This applies whether sperm are used for IVF or artificial insemination.

PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

German law allows PGD before embryo’s intrauterine transfer, in order to prevent genetically transmitted diseases.

IVF

The Guidelines of the German Medical Association on the Performance of Assisted Reproduction govern when it is possible to use in vitro fertilization.

* Cryopreservation of ova in the pronucleus phase is allowed for the treatment of infertile women;
* Cryopreservation of embryos is only permitted if the transfer of the embryo was not possible during the treatment cycle.

SURPLUS EMBRYOS

The German act and the guidelines try to avoid the creation of surplus embryos, but for those cases in which there are surplus embryos, there are no specific rules on how to manage them.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=*[http://www.bmg.bund.de/cln_041/nn_600110/EN/Home/homepage__node,param=.html__nnn=true Ministry of Health] (in English)
* German National Ethics Council, "[http://www.ethikrat.org/_english/publications/Opinion_Cloning.pdf Cloning for Reproductive Purposes and Cloning for the Purposes of Biomedical Research]" (2004)
* http://www.hcch.net/upload/wop/gap2014pd3de.pdf
}}
== References ==

France

2015-05-31T11:37:53Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=France
|image_flag=France_flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=64473140
|GDP=2560255
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial allowed
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* Bioethics Law No. 2004-800 ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000441469&dateTexte= LOI n° 2004-800 du 6 août 2004 relative à la bioéthique]) (August 6, 2004), found in:
** Penal code, Book II - Felonies and Misdemeanors against Persons, Title I - Crimes against Humanity and Against Persons, [http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=33&r=3676 Subtitle II - Crimes against Persons]
** Penal code, Book V - Other Felonies and Misdemeanors, Title I - Offences against Public Health, [http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=33&r=3852 Chapter I - Offences against Biomedical Ethics]
** Intellectual Property Code, Book VI - Protection of Inventions and Technical Knowledge, Title I - Invention Patents, Chapter I - Field of Application, [http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=36&r=2560 Section III - Patentable Inventions]
* [http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/book3/c_title03.html#section3 Of the Object and Matter of Contracts, ]Article 1128 of the Civil Code

* Law on the Donation and Use of Elements and Products of the Human Body, Medically Assisted Procreation, and Prenatal Diagnosis, No. 94-654 ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000549618&dateTexte= LOI no 94-654 du 29 juillet 1994 relative au don et à l'utilisation des éléments et produits du corps humain, à l'assistance médicale à la procréation et au diagnostic prénatal]) (July 29, 1994)
|Foundational values=France's Bioethics Law of 2004 articulates three foundational values:
* Respect for the dignity of the human embryo
* Respect for all stages of life
* Human rights
|Prohibited practices=The Bioethics Law of 2004 prohibits:
* Reproductive cloning, which is deemed a crime against the human race; violators may receive jail sentences of up to 30 years and fines of 7.5 million Euros (about $11m)
* Research cloning, which is punishable with up to 7 years in prison and fines
* Creation of human embryos for research purposes
* Inheritable genetic modification
* "The invasion into the integrity of the human species, eugenic behaviors intended to organize selection of human beings, and conversion of genetic characteristics leading to any change in descendants of humans."George J. Annas, Lori B. Andrews and Rosario M. Isasi, "[http://geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=159 Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations]," ''American Journal of Law and Medicine'' (Vol. 28. Nos. 2 & 3, 2002)
* Sex selection, except for medical reasons

SURROGACY

Surrogate motherhood has been prohibited in France since 1991, under a decision by the Cour de cassation (France’s highest court), (Cass. Ass. plén., 31/05/1991).

The prohibition was confirmed in the bioethics law of 1994, and is codified in article 16-7 of French Civil Code (“Civil Code”). Article 16-9 of the Civil Code makes the a prohibition of public order (In France, prohibitions of ordre public or public order are mandatory rules created unilaterally by the state to protect fundamental values of the society, and from which parties have no freedom to derogate. A foreign law applicable under a conflict of laws analysis would be evicted if contrary to a mandatory rule).

A surrogacy contract is null and void, and violations are punished by civil and criminal sanctions (civil sanctions are described in articles 311-25, 325 and 332-1 of the Civil Code and criminal sanctions at articles 227-12 §3 and 227-13 of the Penal Code).
|Permitted and regulated practices=The Bioethics Law of 2004 gives the French Biomedicine Agency (Agence de la biomédecine) regulatory responsibility for technologies and activities regarding:
* Reproductive cells
** Assisted reproductive technologies
*** artificial insemination
*** in vitro fertilization
*** all other non-natural procreation techniques, including gamete donation.
** Storage of human gametes
* In vitro embryos
** Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
** Storage and donation of human embryos
** Research on embryos and human embryonic stem cells
* In vivo embryos and fetuses
** Prenatal diagnosis
*** chromosome genetic diagnosis (study of the shape and number of chromosomes)
*** molecular genetic diagnosis (research on the DNA structure)
*** biochemical, infectiological and immunological diagnosis using samples from a foetus, its related tissues or the mother
* Birth or abortion
** Cells procured from the blood in the umbilical cord
** Procurement of tissues and cells from an aborted foetus for transplants or research
* Living persons
** Genetic diagnosis on persons with symptoms (cystic fibrosis, Duchennes muscular dystrophy, haemophilia, etc.) or without symptoms (late appearing diseases such as Huntington’s Disease)
** Genetic diagnosis based on predisposition factors (breast cancer) or the study of risks in families
** Procurement of organs, tissues and cells
** Organ, tissue and cell transplants
* Deceased persons
** Procurement of organs, tissues and cells
** Storage of tissues and cells

Note French legislation requires that an embryo conceived in vitro must employ the egg or sperm of at least one member of the couple.

Anonymous egg or sperm donation is otherwise permitted.

Donation of eggs or sperm must be gratuitous, the law prohibits any payment.

Donation of embryos: Embryos conceived by a couple who no longer are going to use them, can be donated to another couple on certain conditions. For example, the donation is subject to a decision by the legal authority (formalising the procedure), which obtains the consent of the couple initially responsible for the conception of the embryo. The principles of anonymity and gratuity also apply.
|Regulatory activities=The French Biomedicine Agency conducts these activities regarding assisted reproductive technologies and diagnosis:
* Authorizes multidisciplinary centers for prenatal diagnosis
* Authorizes pre-implantation genetic diagnosis centers and approve practitioners
* Approves biologists to carry out prenatal diagnosis
* Approves practitioners for clinical and biological activities in assisted reproductive technologies
* Delivers official opinions on authorizations granted to centres for assisted reproductive technologies
* Sets up a monitoring scheme for clinical and biological activities associated with assisted reproductive technologies
* Evaluates activities in assisted reproductive technologies, prenatal and genetic diagnosis
* Sets up a health monitoring service for women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies, children conceived by this method, and oocyte donors
* Provides information about gamete donation
* Authorizes imports and exports of gametes or embryos

The French Biomedicine Agency conducts these activities regarding embryos and embryonic stem cell research:

* Authorizes researchers who can work on supernumerary embryos from in vitro fertilization that are no longer required by parents, under strict supervision by the Agency.
* Delivers authorizations for importing, storing and disposing of embryo tissues and cells required for research purposes. If the conditions of authorization are not respected, the agency can suspend or withdraw a permit.
* Guarantees the identification and traceability of human embryos used for research, and of embryonic stem cell lines created from these embryos or imported from abroad.
* Controls the authorized activities, with the possibility of carrying out inspections, or of suspending or definitively halting the work.
* After five years’ experience, the agency will evaluate the results and publish a report that will act as the basis for any possible extension of these authorizations.

The Agency also oversees organ procurement and transplants:
* Managing the nationwide list of patients awaiting transplants
* Managing the national register of those who refuse to be donors
* Developing the national database of volunteer donors of haematopoietic stem cells
* Developing rules for distributing donor organs
* Coordinating organ procurement, and their distribution and allocation in France and abroad
* Evaluating procurement and transplantation activities
* Organizing expert committees for authorizing procurement from living donors
* Developing information on donating, procuring and transplanting organs, tissues and cells
|Accountability and governance=The French Biomedicine Agency is governed by
* A Director General "nominated by decree" for three-year renewable terms.
* An executive management board of representatives from different ministries and public health bodies, together with "key figures qualified in the agency’s fields of activity."
* A steering committee (le conseil d’orientation)

The steering committee supervises the consistency of the Agency’s medical and scientific policy, and alignment with the regulatory and ethical principles applicable to its activities. It comprises:
* scientific and medical experts
* representatives from associations
* qualified key figures
* members of different institutions (e.g., the French Consultative Committee for Ethics, and the French Consultative Commission for Human Rights)
* as well as Members of Parliament
Numerically, it is comprised of:
* 6 scientists
* 3 human tissue experts
* 6 representatives of patient groups
* 6 social scientists or ethicists.
Members are appointed for 3-year terms. The steering committee examines every research project or study on the embryo or embryonic stem cells and gives its expert opinion before the decision concerning authorization is taken.
|History=
|External links=* Agency of Biomedicine: [http://www.agence-biomedecine.fr/en/index.asp Agence de la biomédecine]

* http://nyujilp.org/the-prohibition-of-surrogate-motherhood-in-france-2/
}}
== References ==

Finland

2015-05-31T11:37:22Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Finland
|image_flag=Finland-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=5308208
|GDP=245,013
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990488.pdf Medical Research Act No. 488/1999] (1999, amended 2004)

* [http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20061237.pdf Act on Assisted Fertility Treatments No. 1237/2006] (2006)
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=The Act on Assisted Fertility Treatments (1237/2006) bans the production of embryos for research purpose (Section 13) and prohibits “research on embryos and gametes for the purpose of developing procedures for modifying hereditary properties… unless the research is for the purpose of curing or preventing a serious hereditary disease” (Section 15)

Section 26, Imposes penalties on anyone who "conducts research with the aim of:
# cloning human beings;
# creating a human being by combining embryos;
# creating a human being by combining human gametes and genes from animals."

However, the act defines embryo as a fusion of gametes, so therapeutic cloning is permitted, but reproductive cloning is prohibited.

The prohibition on inheritable genetic modification is implicit. NB. The Medical Research Act bans research "for the purpose of developing procedures for modifying hereditary properties ..., unless the research is for the purpose of curing or preventing a serious hereditary disease."

Surrogacy is generally prohibited under the 2006 Act on Assisted Fertility Treatments.
|Permitted and regulated practices=The Act on Assisted Fertility Treatments (1237/2006) (which came into effect on 1 September 2007) applies to the provision of assisted fertility treatment in which a human gamete or an embryo is placed in a woman for the purpose of creating a pregnancy.

The Act also applies to the donation and storage of gametes and embryos for use in assisted fertility treatment.

* PGD - Section 5 provides that “the health of the child to be born may be influenced by selecting gametes or embryos that have been verified to be free of serious disease. Determination of the child’s sex maybe influenced if the gametes used in the assisted fertility treatment are the couple’s own and the child born from these gametes would be at substantial risk of serious disease if the child were to be of the other sex.”

* Embryo Donation: Section 20 provides that “a couple may donate extra embryos created for use in their own assisted fertility treatment for use in the assisted fertility treatment of another. The consent of both the woman and the man is required for donation, and both shall be considered donors.”

* Laboratories that perform embryo research need a license from the National Authority for Medicolegal Affairs and a written consent from both gamete donors is required.

* Payment for gametes or embryos is banned - although reasonable expenses and loss of income may be reimbursed.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=See English translation of Act on Assisted Fertility Treatments (1237/2006) http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2006/20061237
}}
== References ==

Egypt

2015-05-31T11:34:38Z

Sonia Allan:

{{Country
|name=Egypt
|image_flag=Egypt_flag.png‎
|Region=Africa
|Population=80335036
|GDP=127,930
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=PROHIBITED
|Inheritable genetic modification=no policy
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=no policy
|Sex selection=Social uses prohibited
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Egypt regulates ART through decree no. 238/2003 of the Ministry of Health and Population on Professional Ethics Regulations.

Religious statements are also important.
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=SURROGACY

* Surrogacy is not permitted.

DONOR EGGS

* The use of donor eggs is not permitted.
|Permitted and regulated practices=ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

* Assisted reproduction is permitted for married couples using the husband's sperm.

PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

* PGD is allowed.

RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN EMBRYOS

* Research on embryos permitted up to 14 days.
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=REFERENCES:

* International Federation of Fertility Societies, IFFS Surveillance 2013 at https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/iffs.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/iffs_surveillance_09-19-13.pdf

* MC Inhorn and ZB Gurtin, Infertility and Assisted Reproduction in the Muslim Middle East: Social, Religious and Resource Considerations, ObGyn 2012, available at http://www.fvvo.be/assets/265/04-Inhornetal.pdf

* United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Cairo Office, ‘Ethics and the Law in Biomedicine and Genetics: An Overview of National Regulations in the Arab States’, 2011.
}}
== References ==